援引日本福岛核污水排海的国家责任——“对一切义务”的视角  

Invoking National Responsibility for Japan's Fukushima Nuclear Wastewater Discharge:The Perspective of“Obligation Erga Omnes”

作　　者：李媛媛 张艳[1] Li Yuanyuan;Zhang Yan

机构地区：[1]温州大学法学院 [2]浙江省新型重点专业智库宁波大学东海研究院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2023年第4期1-16,共16页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(20BFX155)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：日本福岛核污水排海的“决定”以及“准备”行为,均违反了保护海洋环境的“对一切义务”,既违反了“对整个国际社会的对一切义务”,也违反了《联合国海洋法公约》下“对缔约各方的对一切义务”,可归因于国家,构成国际不法行为。“实际损害”不应成为国际环境法中国家责任构成的必备要件,日本应该承担国家责任。日本福岛核污水排海产生目前属于没有主要权利人的“对一切义务”法律关系,即没有所谓(直接)受害国。而《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》对“受害国”含义由“权利导向型”到“义务导向型”的转化,也使有权援引国家责任的主体不再限于“受害国”。从国家实践来看,比利时诉塞内加尔或引渡或起诉义务案表明条约中载有仲裁条款的,非直接受害国可以诉请国际法院援引另一国违反“对缔约各方对一切义务”的国家责任。综上,现阶段,《联合国海洋法公约》的各缔约国可以基于“对一切义务”诉请日本以停止国际不法行为、提供不重复的承诺和保证的方式承担国家责任。Both of the“decision”and“preparation”behaviors of Japan's Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge to the sea violate the“obligation erga omnes”to protect the marine environment,not only“an obligation erga omnes”,but also“an obligation erga omnes partes”under the“Convention”,which constitute an internationally wrongful act that can be attributed to the state,and“actual damage”is not a necessary element forming state responsibility in international environmental law,thereof Japan should bear state responsibility.Japan's Fukushima nuclear wastewater discharge is currently a legal relationship of“obligation erga omnes”without major rights holders,that is,there are no so-called directly injured states.And the“Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”transforms the meaning of“injured state”from“right-oriented”to“duty-oriented”,which also make the subjects entitled to invoke state responsibility no longer confined to the“injured state”limit.In the light of state practice,the case of Belgium v.Senegal to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite shows that if the treaty contains such clauses,the not directly injured states may appeal to the International Court of Justice to invoke the state responsibility of another state for breaching“an obligation erga omnes partes”.To sum up,at the present stage,all contracting parties to the Convention have the locus standi of resorting to“obligation erga omnes”and requesting Japan to assume state responsibility by stopping internationally wrongful acts and providing non-repeated commitments and guarantees.

关 键 词：日本 核污水 对一切义务 国家责任 非直接受害国 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学] D996.9[政治法律—法学]