罗马共和政治中的恩庇关系——西方学界两百年来的研究与争论  

Patronage and Politics in the Roman Republic:A Survey of the Western Scholarship in the Past Two Centuries

作　　者：晏绍祥[1] Yan Shaoxiang

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第5期65-86,I0005,I0006,共24页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“古代罗马共和政治研究(项目编号:21ASS007)”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：对罗马共和政治中恩庇关系地位的认识,是界定共和国政体和政治生活性质的一个重要方面。19世纪的蒙森和库朗热等人较为关注恩庇关系在王政和共和国初期的作用,认为随着平民贵族斗争的结束,恩庇关系不再重要。格尔策和塞姆及其追随者强调显贵阶层通过恩庇关系操控罗马政治,并从不同方面挖掘恩庇关系在罗马内外政策中的具体表现和作用。但过分注意显贵作用的结果,是精英阶级成为了罗马史的全部,进而引起了布隆特和米拉等人的挑战。他们重拾波利比乌斯的论述,试图重新强调民主因素在罗马共和政治中的作用,使相关研究转向更具体的制度和交流层面。虽然学界最近似乎不再特别关注恩庇关系,但罗马的制度安排、经济状况和社会结构,都给恩庇关系发挥作用留下了空间,它的作用仍然需要我们充分重视。How to define the role of patronage in politics of the Roman Republic is crucial to understand its institutions and their working.Mommsen,Coulanges and others in the 19"century paid more atention to the role of patronage in the regal period and the early Roman Republic and believed that patronage was no longer important following the end of the struggle between plebs and aristocracy.To the contrary,Gelzer,Syme and their adherents stressed that the nobility manipulated the Roman politics through network of patronage,and deeply demonstrated the specific presentation and effect of patronage in the Roman domestic and foreign policy from many different aspects.However,paying too much attention to the role of nobility resulted in the elite becoming the entire Roman history,which further aroused challenges of Brunt,Millar and others.They resumed Polybius'exposition and attempted to restress the role of democratic elements in the Roman republic politics,turning the related studies from patronage to more specific institutional and communication facets between the elite and the mass.Although the latest academic studies did not specifically pay attention to the patronage any more,the Roman institutional arrangement,economic condition and social structure leave much space for patronage playing its role,which still needs to be fully appreciated.

关 键 词：罗马共和国 恩庇关系 学术史 蒙森 塞姆 

分 类 号：K126[历史地理—历史学] K091[历史地理—世界史] D033.1[政治法律—政治学]