“宽永大饥馑”与江户幕府的应对及其影响  

‘Great Famine of Kanei'and the Responses of the Edo Shogunate and Its Impact

作　　者：刘晨[1,2] Liu Chen

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心 [2]山东大学儒学高等研究院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第5期101-113,I0006,I0007,共15页World History

摘　　要：在17世纪三四十年代持续性气候异常、自然灾害和牛瘟的影响下,1641-1643年日本爆发了史称“宽永大饥馑”的全国性饥荒。执政的江户幕府在饥荒初期应对迟缓、处置失策,致使饥荒形势迅速蔓延并难以缓解。幕府缺乏治理经验,将军几度病重导致政治改革时断时续、“岛原之乱”等社会动荡频发、东亚海域局势紧张,加之禁绝基督教政策等政治危机的反复冲击,以及此前民生议题在幕府治理范畴之外、扩大基层治理权限的改革尚未落实等治理体系阻碍,限制了幕藩各级机构的饥荒救济能力。在饥荒持续恶化甚至波及武士阶层之后,江户幕府终于主动调整对策,通过借粮、救济、劝返流民等方式扶助小农阶层,进而增设民政相关机构、颁行相关治理法令,在缓解饥荒、应对民生问题的同时,实现了基层治理主体与治理机制的调整,推动了幕藩制国家治理的改变。A nationwide famine known as‘Great Famine of Kanei'broke out in Japan between 1641 and 1643 under the influence of continuous climate abnormalities,natural disasters and cattle plague in the 1730s and 1740s.The ruling Edo Shogunate responded to this disaster slowly and dealt with inexpediently in the early period of the famine,which caused the famine situation to spread rapidly and be difficult to alleviate.All factors that the shogunate lacked experience in governance,the political reforms were carried out intermittently because of the repeated illness of the Shogun,the social turmoil,such as the Shimabara rebellion,happened frequently,the situation in East Asian Seas was tense,and the policy of banning Christianity caused the political crisis contributed to the rapid spread of the famine.In addition,the governance system was hampered by the facts that livelihood issues were previously outside the scope of the Shogunate governance and the expansion of primary-level governance authority have not yet been implemented,limiting the ability of the Shogunate administrations at all levels to provide famine relief.After the famine continuing to deteriorate or even affecting the samurai class,the Edo Shogunate finally took the initiative to adjust its measures to help small farmers by lending grain,providing relief,and persuading the displaced people to return,established civil affairsrelated institutions and enacted related governance ordinances,realised the adjustments of the main body of governance and the governance mechanism at the primary-level,while alleviating the famine and coping with the problems of livelihood.These adjustments contributed to the changes in the governance of the Bakuhan system.

关 键 词：江户幕府 宽永大饥馑 灾害应对 国家治理 政治改革 

分 类 号：K313.36[历史地理—历史学] D731.3[历史地理—世界史]