种族隔离制度与1985年英国对南非政策的调整  

Apartheid and the Adjustment of the British Government Policy towards South Africa in 1985

作　　者：梁军[1] 柳瑞 Liang Jun;Liu Rui

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2023年第5期130-143,I0007,I0008,共16页World History

基　　金：华中师范大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目“衰落与应对:二十世纪英国外交政策研究”(项目编号:CCNU20A06039)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：1985年,南非局势的持续恶化与国际社会制裁压力的不断增加,迫使英国撒切尔政府考虑调整其对南非的“接触和对话”政策。对此,英外交部建议采取措施提高英国政策的可信度并避免陷入孤立,其核心策略是通过与欧共体就南非问题达成共同声明来捍卫英国的基本利益,并借此抵制英联邦更为严厉的制裁措施。然而,撒切尔却反对任何形式的经济制裁,双方各执己见,从而导致英国的政策调整异常艰难。经过一系列博弈后,撒切尔在平衡经济与政治利益诉求,保持英国南非政策自主性和灵活性的前提下,有选择地接受了欧共体《卢森堡协议》,此后又在拿骚英联邦会议上做出策略性妥协。撒切尔政府对南非政策进行的调整是英国实用主义外交传统的体现,其根本目的是为了以最小成本实现英国整体利益的最大化,但这种偏袒南非政府的做法在事实上延长了南非种族隔离制度的寿命。In 1985,due to the deteriorating situation in South Africa and the increasing pressure of sanctions from the international community,the Thatcher Administration was forced to consider adjusting its‘Contact and Dialogue'policy towards South Africa.In response,Foreign and Commonwealth Office suggested enhancing the credibility of the British policy and avoiding being isolated.Its central strategy was to defend Britian's fundamental interests through a common declaration with the European Community on South Africa,thereby resisting tougher Commonwealth sanctions.However,Thatcher opposed any form of economic sanctions.Accordingly,both sides stuck to their own views,making policy adjustment of Britain extremely difficult.After a series of games,Thatcher selectively accepted the Luxembourg Agreement of the European Community on the premise of balancing the demands of economic and political interests,maintaining the independence and flexibility of the British policy towards South Africa,and then made a strategic compromise at the Commonwealth Conference in Nassau.The adjustment of the Thatcher Administration's policy towards South Africa is the embodiment of the British tradition of pragmatic diplomacy,with its fundamental purpose to maximise the overall interests of the United Kingdom at the lowest cost.However,this policy in favour of the South African government in fact extended the life of apartheid in South Africa.

关 键 词：撒切尔政府 种族隔离制度 南非 卢森堡协议 经济制裁 

分 类 号：K561.5[历史地理—历史学] D856.1[历史地理—世界史] D847[政治法律—政治学]