我国近年蔬菜水果中农药残留超标状况浅析  

A brief analysis of pesticide residues exceeding maximum residue limits in vegetables and fruits in China

作　　者：曾静 乔雄梧 ZENG Jing;QIAO Xiongwu(Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products,Shanxi Agricultural University/Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Agro-Products(Taiyuan),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Taiyuan 030031,China;College of Plant Protection,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan 030031,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学山西功能农产品检验检测中心/农业农村部农产品质量安全风险评估实验室(太原),太原030031 [2]山西农业大学植物保护学院,太原030031

出　　处：《农药学学报》2023年第6期1206-1221,共16页Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science

基　　金：国家农产品质量安全风险评估重大专项(2020:14205042)。

摘　　要：综合分析近5年文献报道和2021—2022年各省(市、区)市场监督管理部门蔬菜水果中农药残留监测检出情况,发现文献报道和各级市场监督管理部门发布情况大致相符:蔬菜中农药残留总的超标率为5.09%,其中豆类蔬菜超标率最高(24.93%),其余依次是鳞茎类(22.39%)、根茎类和薯芋类(8.53%)、叶菜类(6.91%)、瓜果类(4.29%)及茄果类蔬菜(3.00%)。农药残留超标率较高的蔬菜有豇豆、韭菜、芹菜、普通白菜及辣椒等;豇豆中主要超标农药是灭蝇胺,超标样品占检测豇豆样品的8.27%;韭菜中腐霉利残留量超标率最高,按GB 2763―2021标准[残留限量(MRL)0.2 mg/kg],超标率为15.97%[按最新标准GB 2763.1―2022(MRL5.0 mg/kg)则为2.21%],韭菜中其他残留超标农药包括毒死蜱、甲胺磷、氯氟氰菊酯/高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲拌磷、多菌灵、啶虫脒等,基本涵盖了蔬菜中残留超标的农药品种;芹菜和普通白菜中残留超标的农药主要是毒死蜱,超标样品分别占检测芹菜和普通白菜样品的4.26%和1.79%;姜和辣椒中主要超标农药是噻虫胺,超标样品分别占检测辣椒和姜样品的15.42%和3.81%。水果中农药残留总的超标率为6.33%,其中超标率最高的是热带和亚热带水果类(31.50%),其余依次是柑橘类(3.15%)、浆果和其他小型水果类(2.19%)、核果类(1.58%)和仁果类(0.78%)。分析造成我国蔬菜水果中农药残留超标的直接原因主要有两个:一是未登记农药品种违规使用的情形较多,二是不合理用药,超出使用剂量、多频次使用及未遵守安全间隔期等原因造成。此外,未及时评估修订不合理的标准也可能对农药残留超标统计产生明显影响,如韭菜中腐霉利残留的评价即属于此种情况。Based on a comprehensive analysis of the publications in the past five years and reports issued by the Market Supervision and Administration Departments of various provinces(municipalities and districts)in 2021—2022 on monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits,it was found that the magnitudes of pesticide residues reported in publications are roughly consistent with those from official monitoring.The total exceedance rate of pesticide residues in vegetables were 5.09%,among which,legume vegetables had the highest exceedance rate(24.93%),followed by bulb(22.39%),root and tube(8.53%),leafy(6.91%),cucurbits(4.29%),and fruiting vegetables(3.00%).Vegetables with higher pesticide residues included cowpeas,Chinese chives,celery,non-heading Chinese cabbage,and chili peppers.The main pesticide with residues exceeding the maximum residue limits(MRLs)in cowpea was cyromazine,which accounted for 8.27%of the samples of cowpea.In sampled Chinese chives,the pesticide exceedance rate of procymidone was the highest,which was 15.97%based on the standard of GB 2763—2021(0.2 mg/kg),while it was 2.21%based on the latest standard of GB 2763.1—2022(5.0 mg/kg).The other pesticides with high exceedance rates in Chinese chives included chlorpyrifos,methamidophos,cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin,phorate,carbendazim,acetamiprid,etc.Most of these pesticides detected in Chinese chives covered the pesticide varieties that exceeded the corresponding MRLs in vegetables.The pesticide exceeding MRLs of celery and non-heading Chinese cabbage was mainly chlorpyrifos,which accounted for 4.26%and 1.79%of the samples of celery and non-heading Chinese cabbage,respectively.The main pesticide exceeding MRLs in ginger and chili pepper was clothianidin,which accounted for 15.42%and 3.81%of the samples of ginger and chili pepper.The total exceedance rate of pesticide residues in fruits were 6.33%,among which,tropical and subtropical fruits had the highest exceedance rate(31.50%),followed by citrus fruits(3.15%),berries and other small

关 键 词：蔬菜 水果 农药残留 监测 残留限量 超标率 

分 类 号：TQ450.26[化学工程—农药化工] X56[环境科学与工程—环境工程]