Same place, different time, head up: Multiple antipredator responses to a recolonizing apex predator  

作　　者：Bruno Esattore Agnese Carlotta Rossi Francesco Bazzoni Chiara Riggio Raquel Oliveira Ivan Leggiero Francesco Ferretti 

机构地区：[1]Department of Ethology,Institute of Animal Science,Pratelstvi 815,10400,Uhrineves,Prague,Czech Republic [2]Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science,Faculty of Agrobiology,Food and Natural Resources,Czech University of Life Sciences,Kamycka 129,16500,Suchdol,Prague,Czech Republic [3]Department of Life Sciences,Research Unit of Behavioral Ecology,Ethology and Wildlife Management,University of Siena,Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4,53100,Siena,Italy [4]NBFC,National Biodiversity Future Center,Palermo 90133,Italy

出　　处：《Current Zoology》2023年第6期703-717,共15页动物学报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the Maremma Regional Park Agency.Additional financial support was provided by the German Society for Mammalian Biology(DGS Project Funding 2018);BE was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic(Institutional support MZE-RO0718)and by an Erasmus+scholarship from the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague.

摘　　要：Prey adjust their antipredator behavioral tactics to minimize the risk of an encounter with predators.Spatiotemporal responses of prey to pred-ators have been reported,but the nature of antipredator response is not ubiquitous and it is the object of increasing interest,especially consid-ering the recent recovery of large carnivores in Europe,and the potential for behavioral antipredator responses to elicit consequences at the ecosystem level.We have tested multiple antipredator responses by fallow deer Dama dama to wolf Canis lupus in a Mediterranean protected area recently recolonized by this apex predator.Through intensive camera trapping,we tested for temporal and spatial association between predator and prey,and we have also studied deer vigilance in forest habitats where focal observations are usually impossible.Wolf detection rates were spatially associated with those of fallow deer.Accordingly,no evidence was found for fallow deer avoiding sites with higher predator detection rates.Temporal activity patterns were significantly different between the 2 species,with the wolf being mainly nocturnal whereas fallow deer was active especially during daylight.A comparison with a preliminary study strongly suggests an increase in the diurnal activity of fallow deer along with the stabilization of wolf presence in the area.Both the rate and the duration of vigilance of female fallow deer increased with the local frequency of wolf activity.We suggest an antipredator response based on temporalrather than spatialavoidance,as well as increasedvigilance.

关 键 词：antipredator responses DEER interspecific interactions temporal patterns VIGILANCE 

分 类 号：Q95[生物学—动物学]