新型大颗粒肥料的养分释放特征及应用效果研究  

Research on nutrient release characteristics and application effects of new large-grained fertilizer

作　　者：李杰[1] 卢宗云[1] 王文宇 王炜[1] 李天娇 石元亮[1] LI Jie;LU Zong-yun;WANG Wen-yu;WANG Wei;LI Tian-jiao;SHI Yuan-liang(Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang Liaoning 110016)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁沈阳110016

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第9期169-174,共6页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：辽宁绿海农业大樱桃种植产学研联盟项目“甜樱桃土肥管理集成与示范”(1618214601077);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目青年拔尖人才项目“聚谷氨酸肥料增效剂工艺研究及其产业化”(XLYC2007088);广西科技计划项目“新型肥料与岩溶环境联合研究中心”(桂科AD20297090)。

摘　　要：针对目前果园施用的传统小颗粒或者粉末状肥料存在的肥料利用率低、无法机械化精确定量施肥等问题,探讨了一种高效、低成本、环境友好以及可轻简化施用的新型超大颗粒缓释长效肥料在大樱桃上的养分释放特征及应用效果,为大樱桃的高效施肥提供技术参考。田间试验结果表明:新型大颗粒肥料处理的肥效期约120 d,有效地提高了土壤的硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,能够满足大樱桃的生长需求。另外,大颗粒肥料处理的根系活力较不施肥处理和施用普通果树专用肥料处理分别提高了66.3%和27.8%,根际土壤的细菌数、放线菌数和微生物总量均最高;同时,大颗粒肥料处理显著降低了根际土壤的脲酶、羟胺氧化还原酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶活性,其中硝化还原酶和亚硝化还原酶活性降低的幅度最大;此外,新型大颗粒肥料处理能够促进大樱桃植株生长,有效提高大樱桃叶片的叶绿素含量,与普通果树专用肥料相比,其产量增加4.8%。可见,新型大颗粒缓释长效肥料可以通过延长养分释放时间、优化土壤环境、提高大樱桃根系活力等方式来促进果树生长、提高大樱桃产量。In view of the problems existing in the traditional small particle or powder fertilizer applied in orchards at present,such as low fertilizer utilization rate,unable to mechanized and accurate quantitative fertilization,this study discussed the nutrient release characteristics and application effect of a new super large particle long-term slow-release fertilizer with high efficiency,low cost,environmental friendliness and light and simplified application on cherry,so as to provide technical reference for high-efficiency fertilization of cherry.The field study results showed that the fertilizer effect period of the new large particle fertilizer treatment was about 120 days,which effectively increased the contents of ammonium nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil,and could meet the growth needs of big cherry.In addition,the root activity of large particle fertilizer treatment was 66.3%and 27.8%higher than that of CK and common fertilizer treatment,respectively.The number of bacteria,actinomycetes and total microorganisms in rhizosphere soil were the highest.At the same time,the treatment of large granular fertilizer significantly reduced the activities of urease,hydroxylamine oxidoreductase,nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rhizosphere soil.In addition,the new large particle fertilizer treatment promoted the growth of cherry plants,effectively improved the chlorophyll content of large cherry leaves.Compared with ordinary fertilizer,the yield increased by 4.8%.It indicated that the new large particle long-term fertilizer could promote the growth of fruit trees and increase the yield of cherry by prolonging the nutrient release time,optimizing the soil environment,and improving the root activity of cherry.

关 键 词：大颗粒肥料 肥效期 大樱桃 土壤环境 

分 类 号：S145.5[农业科学—肥料学]