山地-绿洲“共轭型”生态牧场理念源起、概念框架与发展模式——以祁连山牧区为例  

Concept origin,conceptual framework and development mode of Mountain-Oasis“Conjugate”Ecological Pasture:Empirical demonstration in Qilian Mountains

作　　者：乔斌 王乃昂[1] 王义鹏[1] 赵航 程弘毅[1] 刘锐 孙德浩 祝存兄 QIAO Bin;WANG Nai'ang;WANG Yipeng;ZHAO Hang;CHENG Hongyi;LIU Rui;SUN Dehao;ZHU Cunxiong(College of Earh and Enrironmental Sciences,Center for Glacier and Desert Research,Scienifc Obering Station for Desert and Glacier,Lanzhou Unitersity,Lanzhou 730000,China;Qinghai Proince Institute of Meteorological Sciences,Xining 810001,China;Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Miigation of Qinghai Province,Xining 810001,China;College of Tourism Management,Chaohu University,Hefei 238000,China)

机构地区：[1]兰州大学资源环境学院,冰川与沙漠研究中心,沙漠与冰川野外科学观测研究站,兰州730000 [2]青海省气象科学研究所,西宁810001 [3]青海省防灾减灾重点实验室,西宁810001 [4]巢湖学院旅游管理学院,合肥238000

出　　处：《生态学报》2023年第21期8917-8932,共16页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2019YFC0507402)。

摘　　要：区域协调发展空间布局及耦合效应是国土空间治理现代化、区域生态保护和高质量发展绕不开的重要命题。本研究利用146户牧户访谈和21次管理部门调研资料,结合卫星遥感数据和文献资料,从“三生”(生产、生活、生态)视角爬梳祁连山草地畜牧业、河西走廊饲草种植业、牧户生计路径策略的历史源起和发展历程。在生态系统服务流理论指导下深入刻画了祁连山与河西走廊农牧耦合系统的空间联系,诠释了祁连山-河西走廊“共轭型”生态牧场概念框架与发展模式。研究认为:(1)2011年“草原生态奖补政策”实施以来祁连山地区植被覆盖度增加显著(P<0.05);传统牧业户、生态移民户的生计多样化指数分别是2.22和2.69,生计能力脆弱;外购草料、舍饲养殖、人工种草、异地借牧(秸秆补饲)、流转草原等是牧户落实草畜动态平衡的基础性生计策略,实现了祁连山草地畜牧业由超载过牧到“超载不过牧”的跨越式转型;(2)祁连山山地系统将生态系统服务(淡水资源供给)外溢至河西走廊绿洲系统以支撑饲草种植业发展,河西走廊饲草种植业提供优质饲草“反哺”祁连山草地畜牧业发展,二者构成了山地-绿洲“共轭空间”;借助外界物质能量输入路径的“虚拟草场”模式将祁连山牧业系统和河西走廊农业系统有机链接起来,既发挥了祁连山草地生态功能,又提升了祁连山牧区牧户维持可持续生计的能力,通过重构“生态-生产-生活”多功能协同权衡机制维持了祁连山生态畜牧业的高质量发展;(3)山地-绿洲“共轭型”生态牧场包括草地畜牧业、饲草种植业、“虚拟草场”三个子系统,通过构建子系统间的多维耦合、虚实交融和同生共存,实现了祁连山-河西走廊“共轭空间”农牧耦合系统的资源共享、优势互补和效益联动,是一种依据自然规律和经济规律探索出的迭代创Spatial layout for coordinated regional development and its coupling effect is an important proposition that cannot be bypassed in the modernization of territorial spatial governance,regional ecological protection and high-quality development.Based on the data of 146 pastoral interviews and 21 management surveys,and combined with satellite remote sensing data and literature,this study compares the historical origins and development of grassland animal husbandry in the Qilian Mountains,forage farming in the Hexi Corridor(or Gansu Corridor),and herding households'livelihood strategies from the perspective of"production-living-ecology"space.Under the guidance of the ecosystem service flow theory,the spatial linkage of the Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor coupled agro-pastoral system is deeply portrayed,and the conceptual framework and development model of its"conjugate"ecological pasture is interpreted.The research shows that:(1)Since the implementation of the grassland ecological award and compensation policy in 2011,the vegetation coverage in Qilian Mountains has increased significantly(P<0.05).The livelihood diversity index of traditional pastoralists and eco-migrant pastoralists is 2.22 and 2.69 respectively,and their livelihood capacity is vulnerable.The basic livelihood strategy for herding households to implement dynamic balance of grass and livestock is to purchasing forage,forage breeding,artificial grass planting,borrowing grazing from other places(straw supplemental feeding)and transferring grassland,through this grass storage balance model to achieve the Qilian Mountains grassland animal husbandry from over-grazing to"overload but not grazing"leapfrog development.(2)The mountain system of the Qilian Mountains overflows ecosystem services(fresh water supply)to the oasis system of the Hexi Corridor to support the development of its forage planting.Meanwhile,the forage cropping of the Hexi Corridor provides high-quality forage for the grassland animal husbandry of the Qilian Mountains,which forms the"conjugat

关 键 词：共轭空间 草地畜牧业 饲草种植业 虚拟草场 生态系统服务流 牧户生计 生态牧场 

分 类 号：X322[环境科学与工程—环境工程]