伪造、篡改档案行为犯罪化的理论证成与立法设计——从冒名顶替和篡改志愿行为切入  

作　　者：袁韬 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《档案管理》2023年第6期64-70,共7页Archives Management

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“深化司法体制改革和现代科技应用相结合的难点与路径研究”(项目编号:18ZDA137);科技部国家重点研发项目“基层社会网格治理数字化关键技术研究与应用示范”(项目编号:2021YFC3300200)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：近些年来伪造、篡改档案行为频发,且具有严重的社会危害性和充分的刑罚当罚性,不仅危及档案工作的公信力,还侵害公民的受教育权、劳动权等宪法性权利,通过行政与民事手段治理此类行为均存在缺陷。但是,目前我国《刑法》并没有设立伪造、篡改档案罪这一独立罪名,导致对该行为的刑事规制面临罪名适用不当、惩治效果不足、震慑作用有限的困境,因此刑事立法亟须将伪造、篡改档案的行为犯罪化。《刑法》增设伪造、篡改档案罪能够回应档案治理的现实需求、体现刑法的积极主义立法观、促进档案治理行刑有效衔接的实现,立法过程中可借鉴国内既有的档案类犯罪的立法经验和参考域外伪造、篡改档案类犯罪的立法实践。应当明确伪造、篡改档案罪的保护法益、体系地位和犯罪构成,厘清本罪与其他相关罪名的犯罪竞合问题和本罪的犯罪形态问题。In recent years,behaviors of forgery and tampering with archives have occurred frequently,and have serious social hazards and full criminal penalties,not only jeopardizing the credibility of archives,but also infringing on the constitutional rights of citizens,such as the right to education and the right to work,and there are deficiencies in the management of such acts through both administrative and civil means.At present,China's Criminal Law has not set up the independent crime of forging and tampering of archives,resulting in the criminal regulation of this behavior is facing the dilemma of inappropriate application of the crime,insufficient punitive effect,and limited deterrent effect.Therefore,the criminal legislation urgently needs to criminalize the act of forgery,and tampering with archives.The addition of the crime of forgery and tampering of archives to the Criminal Law can respond to the realistic needs of archival governance,reflect the positive view of criminal law legislation,and promote the realization of the effective linkage between the execution of archival governance and criminal law.The legislative process can draw on the legislative experience of existing domestic archival crimes or refer to the legislative practice of extraterritorial crimes of forgery and tampering with archives.It should clarify the protection of legal benefits,system status and criminal composition of the crime of forgery and tampering with archives,and clarify the problem of criminal competition between this crime and other related crimes and the criminal form of this crime.

关 键 词：伪造档案 篡改档案 犯罪化 冒名顶替 篡改志愿 档案犯罪 档案安全 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]