现代汉语所谓非宾格-非作格动词分类的性质  

On the Nature of So-called Unaccusative-unergative Verbs in Modern Chinese

作　　者：宋文辉[1] SONG Wenhui

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学文学院

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第6期810-829,共20页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)重大项目“现代汉语语法关系语法化程度及相关问题研究”(20XNL018)的成果。

摘　　要：本文认为汉语非宾格、非作格动词是句法范畴这一观点不合理。其预设的前提不成立:非宾格假说过度理想化,难以找到跨构式、跨语言统一的非宾格性;二者平分不及物动词的模式并非语言共性。汉语研究中提出的句法鉴别式,实质是语用现象,且被用作必要条件,其中可出现的动词有限,由此只能得到适用于个别构式的动词分布类,而非跨构式适用、形式和意义有规律对应的句法范畴。汉语语用凸显,话题和焦点配置是句子组织的首要任务,因而抑制词义表征,影响句法范畴形成。所谓显性非宾格结构,无法完整清晰划分非宾格、非作格动词。其负载直指型整句焦点时,仅有极少数非宾格动词可进入,负载答话型整句焦点时限制放松,构成话题结构时标记性最低,而后二者两类动词都可进入。因此汉语中所谓非宾格、非作格动词只是内涵模糊的语义类,而非句法范畴。Studies on formal linguistics argued that there are two types of intransitive verbs in Modern Chinese,i.e.unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs.Some serious challenges to this view were presented in this paper.It was pointed out that the premises of this view are difficult to be established.First,the “unaccusative hypothesis” proposed by Perlmutter(1978) is only an idealized hypothesis,which cannot address the complexity of crosslinguistic phenomena,and the concept of unaccusativity is not clear and ad hoc.Second,the empirical evidence supporting the distinction between unaccusative and unergative is not found in all languages.The syntactic criteria proposed in the literature are problematic,and thus cannot be used as strict diagnoses to distinguish unaccusative and unergative verbs.From these syntactic criteria,only one semantic class used for a specific construction can be identified,which suggests that unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs do not form a syntactic category which requires strict correspondence between semantic features and morphosyntactic features.Our work confirms the hypothesis according to which the properties of a language's construction system constrain the formation of its syntactic categories.In Modern Chinese,grammatical forms are motivated by pragmatic rather than semantic factors.The distinction between topic and focus is more important than the distinction between different grammatical forms with different meanings.All in all,the so-called unaccusative and unergative verbs in Modern Chinese should not be considered as syntactic categories.Rather,they are semantic categories,which deserve a finer-grained classification.

关 键 词：非宾格动词 构式系统 信息结构 话题-说明结构 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]