先秦汉语三类宾语前置的功能差异与分布序列  

On the Functional Differences and Distributional Sequence of Three Types of Object-fronting in Pre-Qin Chinese

作　　者：焦一和 JIAO Yihe

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2023年第6期900-916,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文依据“焦点”相关理论,重新审视先秦汉语中的三类宾语前置(否定句中的代词宾语前置、无标记的疑问代词宾语前置、带“唯”“是”“之”等标记的宾语前置)。尽管三类宾语前置都表现为SOV语序,但可据其功能和分布差异进一步细分:有标记的对比焦点宾语与表疑问/反问的疑问代词宾语前置在句中最为凸显,主观性最强,位置居前;有标记的话题焦点宾语与表不定指的疑问代词宾语前置有强调作用但无排他性,位置居中;否定句中的非疑问代词宾语前置已基本失去语用色彩,是唯一真正意义上的宾语前置,位置居后。文章对三种位置及相应的前置宾语进行了刻画分析,揭示了语用结构对句法结构的影响,并归纳出先秦汉语三类宾语前置的总体分布序列。In Pre-Qin Chinese,the SOV order is very productive.Most scholars believe that Pre-Qin Chinese features SVO as the basic word order and that SOV is derived by fronting the direct object from the postverbal position to a preverbal position(Shen 1992;Yang and He 1992;Xiang 2010),and object-fronting is one of the most important grammatical phenomena being discussed for decades.There are three main types of object-fronting in Pre-Qin Chinese:i) non-interrogative pronoun(sometimes maybe noun) object-fronting in negative sentences,ii) unmarked interrogative pronoun object-fronting,and iii) object-fronting with focus markers such as wei(唯),shi(是) and zhi(之).And there are several different syntactic positions for fronted objects,each of which has a pragmatic function.The first position L_1,which is between negation and modal words,is a position for fronted non-interrogative pronoun and noun objects;the second position L_2,which is to the left of negation,is a focus position for fronted interrogative pronoun objects;the third position L_3,which is between L_(1) and L_2,also to the left of negation,is a topical focus position with shi or zhi for all kinds of fronted objects;the fourth position L_4,which is to the left of L_2,is a contrastive focus position with wei or shi/zhi or wei…shi/zhi for all kinds of fronted objects.Furthermore,there is evidence that L_(2) and L_(4) need not be separated,so we take them as one position represented by L_2.The distributional sequence of object-fronting in Pre-Qin Chinese is as follows:S >(wei) L_2(shi/zhi_(contrastive)) > L_(3) shi/zhi_(topical) > Neg > L_(1) > Mod > V Generally speaking,L_(1) is the only position for real object-fronting,for it is irrelevant to any pragmatic factor.Both L_(2) and L_(3) are focus positions,and the object-fronting related to them is the reflection of pragmatic structure.Diachronically,there is a close connection between the evolution of object-fronting and the distributional sequence—the further to the left and the higher degree of markedness

关 键 词：先秦汉语 宾语前置 焦点 分布 语用 

分 类 号：H141[语言文字—汉语]