大国控制国际组织何以成败——以美国对世界卫生组织的政策为例(2020-2022)  

Control of the Great Power over International Organizations:A Case Study of the U.S.Policy towards the World Health Organization(2020-2022)

作　　者：徐海娜 吕紫烟 XU Haina;LÜZiyan(Shandong University,Weihai 264209,China;Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学,山东威海264209 [2]北京大学,北京100871

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2023年第11期16-29,共14页Pacific Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“以加快构建新安全格局保障新发展格局研究”(23AZD067)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在大国竞争的时代,国际组织成为大国争夺影响力的重要场域。“委托—代理”理论认为,当作为代理人的国际组织偏离了作为委托人的主要大国偏好时,主要大国会通过控制机制来控制国际组织。控制方式分为“单边威胁”和“多边加强”两类。在控制内容与国际组织适配度高的情况下,“单边威胁”易取得较好效果;除适配度外,“多边加强”生效还需该国加强与其他成员国的偏好一致性。本文以2020—2022年(新冠肺炎疫情期间)美国与世界卫生组织关系为案例进行研究。在该案例中,美国特朗普政府的“单边威胁”控制政策效果不佳,而拜登政府的“多边加强”控制政策效果较好。国际组织是大国战略竞争的重要舞台和战略工具。我国在处理自身与国际组织关系、与国际组织内部其他成员国关系时,应冷静分析委托方和代理方的结构性特征,逐步提升制度性话语权。In the era of great power competition,international organizations have become an important field for great powers to compete for influence.According to the principal-agent theory,when the international organization viewed as agent deviates from the great power’s preference as principal,it will be controlled by the great power through a series of control mechanisms.There are two approaches to implementing the control namely unilateral threat and multilateral reinforcement.In the case of high compatibility between the control content and international organizations,the former is easy to achieve better results,while the latter requires a high degree of consistency of preferences among member states.In the case of the relationship be-tween the United States and the WHO during the COVID-19 pandemic,the Trump administration’s ap-proach of unilateral threat was not effective,in contrast to the Biden administration’s successful approach of multilateral reinforcement.International organizations are an important stage and strategic tool for the strategic competition between great powers.When getting along with international organizations and their member states,China should calmly analyze the structural characteristics of principals and agents,and then gradually enhance its institutional power of discourse.

关 键 词：国际组织 “委托—代理”理论 美国对外政策 世界卫生组织 控制机制 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]