居民人力资本的差异化分布与收入分配不平等  

Human Capital Heterogeneity and Income Inequality of Households

作　　者：李建伟[1] 顾天安 王骁 李嘉琪 Li Jianwei;Gu Tian'an;Wang Xiao;Li Jiaqi(Research Department of Social and Cultural Development,Development Research Center of the State Council;National Institute of Big Data,DRC;Institute of Economics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;Guotai Junan Securities Co.,Ltd)

机构地区：[1]国务院发展研究中心社会和文化发展研究部 [2]国研大数据研究院 [3]中国社会科学院经济研究所 [4]国泰君安证券股份有限公司

出　　处：《管理世界》2023年第10期1-22,73,共23页Journal of Management World

摘　　要：人力资本是劳动者为社会作出贡献并获取相应报酬的基础,在机会均等情况下居民劳动收入与人力资本的分布及其差异化程度应是一致的,但我国不同时期城乡居民收入基尼系数均出现了偏离人力资本差异系数的现象。对我国10万名居民16种能力的测试结果显示,我国居民人力资本差异系数为0.2823。利用国家统计局入户调查数据计算的城乡居民收入基尼系数显示,1978年以来城乡居民收入基尼系数在不同时期高低交错发展,但随着2000年以后城镇化程度的不断提高,城镇居民收入基尼系数对全国居民收入基尼系数走势的影响越来越大。导致城乡居民收入基尼系数偏离人力资本差异系数的主要原因包括家庭人口结构与抚养比率不同、经济体制改革引致的经营性收入差距扩大、城乡二元经济融合发展和工业化进程中行业工资差距扩大、财富积累的棘轮效应引致的财产性收入差距扩大以及扶贫政策与社会保障制度改革等政策性因素的影响。当前我国居民收入分配不平等程度仍显著高于人力资本差异系数,促进收入分配公平,应以完善收入分配制度为重点,综合施策,推动居民收入差距向人力资本差距回归。Human capital forms the foundation for workers to contribute to society and earn corresponding rewards.Under conditions of equal opportunity,the distribution and degree of heterogeneity of labor income and human capital among residents should be consistent.However,in both urban and rural sectors,there has been a persistent deviation between the Gini coefficient of income and difference coefficient of human capital across different periods.The testing results of 100,000 residents in China across 16 different abilities reveal a difference coefficient of O.2823 for the human capital of Chinese households.The Gini coefficients of urban incomes and of rural incomes,calculated using the Household Surveys of China from the National Bureau of Statistics,have shown divergent trends since 1978,resulting in fluctuating levels of disparity over various periods.Furthermore,with the continual rise in urbanization post-2000,the impact of the Gini coefficient of urban residents income on the overall trend of the national residents income Gini coefficient has grown increasingly significant.The main reasons that cause a persistent deviation between the Gini coefficient of income and difference coefficient of human capital in both urban and rural sectors include heterogeneity in household demographic structures and dependency ratios,widening disparities in operational income due to economic reforms,increasing wage disparities across industries during industrialization and the integration of urban-rural dual economies,property income disparities due totheratcheteffectof wealth accumulation,as wel as policyfactorslike poverty alleviation policies and social security system reforms.The income inequality among Chinese households remains significantly higher than what is suggested by the dfference coefficient of human capital.To promote fairness in the distribution of income,policy focus should be directed towards refining the income distribution system,implementing comprehensive measures,and encouraging a convergence of income disparit

关 键 词：共同富裕 人力资本 居民收入 基尼系数 影响因素 

分 类 号：F249.2[经济管理—劳动经济] F124.7[经济管理—国民经济]