水氮调控对向日葵生长、水肥利用效率和土壤水盐分布的影响  

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Growth,Water-fertilizer Use Efficiency and Soil Water-salt Distribution in Sunflower

作　　者：何锐 佟长福[1,2] 王军[1] 秦子元 甄致新 郭淑豪 王虎 李小利 HE Rui;TONG Changfu;WANG Jun;QIN Ziyuan;ZHEN Zhixin;GUO Shuhao;WANG Hu;LI Xiaoli(Institute of Water Resources for Pastoral Area,MWR,Hohhot 010020,China;College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China;Water Utilities Development Center of Wushen Banner,Ordos 017300,China)

机构地区：[1]水利部牧区水利科学研究所,呼和浩特010020 [2]内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特010018 [3]乌审旗水利事业发展中心,内蒙古鄂尔多斯017300

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2023年第12期73-81,共9页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：科技兴蒙行动重点专项(2021EEDSCXSFQZD011);鄂尔多斯市科技重大专项项目(2021ZD社17-18);鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(ESZCWS-D-F-210003)。

摘　　要：【目的】为鄂尔多斯达拉特旗黄河南岸盐碱化灌区黄河水滴灌工程提出合理的水肥施用制度。【方法】采用田间膜下滴灌试验,设置3个灌溉定额,分别为:高水W1(1500 m^(3)/hm^(2))、中水W2(1200 m^(3)/hm^(2))和低水W3(900 m^(3)/hm^(2));田间施氮采用尿素,设置2种尿素用量,分别为:高肥N1(187.5 kg/hm^(2))、低肥N2(150 kg/hm^(2))。以当地灌水量和施肥量作为对照组CK。研究不同水肥处理对向日葵生长指标、产量、土壤盐分、土壤水分的影响。并且采用熵值法对产量、灌溉水分利用效率、偏肥生产率、0~40 cm土层平均电导率和果实率共5项指标计算权重,对各个处理进行综合评估。【结果】各个处理之间向日葵生长性状指标差异性不大,但均比CK处理更具有优势。高水的2个处理产量显著高于其他处理。在向日葵整个生育期内,W1N2处理0~40 cm土层电导率值最低,为341.9μS/cm,W2N1水肥条件下土壤电导率值最高,为449.7μS/cm。生育期始末W1N1、W1N2、W2N1、W2N2、W3N1、W3N2处理和CK的电导率增幅分别为62.2%、29.4%、58.9%、52.9%、83.9%、56.3%和54.0%。对于60~100 cm土层含水率,高水处理与中水处理不具有显著性差异,高水与中水处理相较于低水处理均具有显著性差异。高水处理水源入渗方式接近于均匀入渗。不同灌溉定额形成的湿润区深度也不相同,灌水定额越大,湿润区位置越深,湿润范围越大。采用熵值法对各个处理进行综合评估,结果最优的为W1N2处理,结果最劣的为CK处理。【结论】土壤返盐程度随着灌溉定额的增加而减弱,但过高的灌溉定额会降低作物活性,从而抑制作物生长。从各处理综合评估结果来看,鄂尔多斯达拉特旗黄河南岸灌区向日葵水肥最优施用方案为:灌溉定额1500 m^(3)/hm^(2),尿素(含氮46%)150 kg/hm^(2)。生育期内,灌水5~6次,施肥2~3次,肥随水施入田间。【Objective】The aim of this paper is to propose a reasonable water and fertilizer application system for the Yellow River water drip irrigation project in the salinized irrigation area on the South bank of the Yellow River in Ordos Dalat Banner.【Method】The field drip irrigation experiment was carried out,and 3 irrigation quotas were set:high water W1(1500 m^(3)/hm^(2)),medium water W2(1200 m^(3)/hm^(2))and low water W3(900 m^(3)/hm^(2)).2 fertilization levels:high fertilizer N1(187.5 kg/hm^(2)),low fertilizer N2(150 kg/hm^(2)).The local irrigation and fertilization were used as the control group CK.The effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on sunflower growth index,yield,soil salinity and soil moisture content were studied.The entropy method was used to calculate the weight of 5 indexes,including yield,water productivity,partial fertilizer productivity,average conductivity of 0~40 cm soil layer and fruit rate.The optimal water and fertilizer scheme was obtained by comprehensive evaluation of each treatment.【Result】There was little variability in sunflower growth trait indexes among treatments,but all were more favorable than the CK treatment.The yields of the two treatments with high water were significantly higher than the other treatments.Throughout the reproductive period of sunflower,W1N2 treatment had the lowest value of electrical conductivity in the 0~40 cm soil layer,341.9μS/cm,and W2N1 had the highest value of soil electrical conductivity under water and fertilizer conditions,449.7μS/cm.The increase in electrical conductivity at the beginning and end of the reproductive period in W1N1,W1N2,W2N1,W2N2,W3N1,W3N2,and CK was 62.2%,respectively,29.4%,58.9%,52.9%,83.9%,56.3%,and 54.0%,respectively.For the water content of the 60~100 cm soil layer,there was no significant difference between the high water treatment and the medium water treatment,and there was a significant difference between both the high water and medium water treatments compared to the low water treatment.Water infi

关 键 词：土壤水盐 土壤水氮 灌溉制度 膜下滴灌 熵值法 

分 类 号：S274.1[农业科学—农业水土工程]