《BBNJ协定》争端解决机制评析:自愿、强制抑或另一视角?  

Compulsory,Voluntary,or Another Perspective?:An Analysis of Dispute Settlement Mechanism in the BBNJ Agreemen

作　　者：林兆然 LIN Zhaoran

机构地区：[1]北京大学海洋研究院 [2]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2023年第5期43-58,共16页Wuhan University International Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大研究专项(20VHQ005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：争端解决条款是《BBNJ协定》的重要构成部分,其以1995年《鱼类种群协定》为蓝本,参考适用《联合国海洋法公约》争端解决机制。如果从争端解决机制“强制性—自愿性”的对抗性视角看,尽管存在一定限制,《BBNJ协定》第60条仍然强调了强制性法律程序,特别是强制仲裁的核心地位,理论上可能推动当前海洋法司法仲裁实践中强制性管辖权的进一步扩张。该协定还首次纳入对国际海洋法法庭全庭咨询意见的规定,这可能对法庭和各国态度产生重要影响,但这是否会成为强制性程序扩张的新路径,仍有待观察。同时,该协定对防止争端制度的规定可能超越“强制性—自愿性”二元对立的传统思路,为我们提供另一种争端处理的视角。对此,我国可考虑针对有关条款严谨设计法律声明,并积极发展防止争端机制,以求更好地处理争端和避免滥诉。Dispute settlement forms an important part of the Draft BBNJ Agreement.This part is modeled on the UN Fish Stocks Agreement,with refer-ence to the mechanism in UNCLOS.From an antagonistic perspective of"compul-sory vs voluntary",Article 60 still favors and emphasizes compulsory legal proce-dures,especially compulsory arbitration,although not without specific restrictions.Theoretically,this may further the current expansion of compulsory jurisdiction of judicial and arbitral practices within the law of the sea.The Agreement also for the first time incorporates a provision on the advisory function of the Interna-tional Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,which may have a great impact on the positions of the Tribunal and different States.Nevertheless,it is stil early to con-clude whether this will lead to a new track of expanding compulsory jurisdiction.Meanwhile,it should be noted that the articles on the prevention of disputes can provide an alternative perspective of dispute management,beyond the traditional dichotomy of compulsory and voluntary procedures.In this regard,China may consider issuing legal statements on relevant articles,and actively develop the dispute-prevention mechanism in order to better its dispute management while avoiding abusive litigations.

关 键 词：BBNJ协定 争端解决 强制争端解决程序 防止争端 鱼类种群协定 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]