基于人的脆弱性的社会保障元理论研究  

A Study of Social Security Principles Based on Human Vulnerability

作　　者：严新明[1,2] Yan Xinming(School of Government,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学政府管理学院 [2]中国残疾人事业发展研究基地暨南京大学残疾人事业发展研究中心

出　　处：《社会保障评论》2023年第6期38-59,共22页Chinese Social Security Review

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“基于水母型社会结构的‘弱有所扶’制度建设研究”(18BSH045)。

摘　　要：现代社会保障制度建立以来,理论研究在推动制度确立、促进政策调整中具有重要作用。本文从生理、经济、社会方面研究了人的生命周期中的脆弱性累积效应,借助“水母型”社会结构,静态地展现社会中低龄、青年、中年、老龄的群体分布,以及低龄、老龄群体的弱势状态;动态地跟踪人的“弱-强-弱”变化轨迹。随着经济社会发展,家庭、互助、市场等保障机制都难以胜任覆盖全体社会成员的保障功能,这就需要建立全新的社会保障机制。论文在建构基于牛顿-莱布尼茨公式的社会保障微积分模型的基础上,对社会保障的元理论进行探讨,进而得出:对青年、中年要强化基于就业的社会保障,特别是当前大量且复杂的平台就业者的社会保障;确保“老弱”因缴税/费或公民社会权的社会保障;为了未来公民的健康成长要确保“幼弱”的社会保障(福利)。由于社会保障是生命周期过程中收入再分配的一种方式,政府必须科学理性地设计政策,以确保个人和家庭对基本生活需求的保障。Theoretical research has played a pivotal role in advancing the establishment and adjustment of the modern social security system.This paper examines the cumulative impact of vulnerability throughout the human life cycle,considering physiological,economic,and social perspectives.Utilizing the framework of a"jellyfi sh-type"social structure,the paper delineates the distribution of societal groups-namely,the minor,young,middle-aged,and old—and highlights the vulnerability of the minor and older groups.The life course trajectory,characterized by"weak-strong-weak"transitions,is dynamically traced.As economic and social development unfolds,traditional support systems such as family,mutual aid,and market mechanisms become insuffi cient to safeguard all members of society,necessitating the establishment of a new social security mechanism.Introducing a social security calculus model based on the Newton-Leibniz formula,the paper delves into the fundamental principles of social security.It advocates strengthening employment-based social security for young and middle-aged individuals,particularly the considerable number of platform workers in complex situations.Additionally,it proposes ensuring social security for the"old vulnerable"through mechanisms rooted in taxes/contributions or civil rights and providing security(welfare)for the"young vulnerable"to foster the healthy development of future generations.Recognizing social security as a form of income redistribution over the life cycle,governments must scientifi cally and rationally design policies address the basic needs of individuals and families.

关 键 词：生命周期 人的脆弱性 “水母型”社会结构 社会保障微积分模型 平台就业 

分 类 号：D57[政治法律—政治学]