Toxicity of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride(C_(14))towards cyanobacterium Microcystis results from its impact on the photosynthetic apparatus and cell metabolism  

作　　者：Yunlu Jia Yi Huang Jin Ma Shangwei Zhang Jin Liu Tianli Li Lirong Song 

机构地区：[1]Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,China [2]School of Environmental Studies,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China [3]Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology,Beijing Normal University,Zhuhai 519087,China

出　　处：《Journal of Environmental Sciences》2024年第1期198-209,共12页环境科学学报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos.2018YFD0900701 and 2019YFD0900604);the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42107150 and 32061143029)。

摘　　要：Quaternary ammonium compounds(QACs)are commonly used in a variety of consumer and commercial products,typically as a component of disinfectants.During the COVID-19 pandemic,QACs became one of the primary agents utilized to inactivate the SARS CoV-2 virus on surfaces.However,the ecotoxicological effects of QACs upon aquatic organisms have not been fully assessed.In this study,we examined the effects of a widely used QAC(benzalkonium chloride-C_(14),BAC-14)on two toxigenic Microcystis strains and one non-toxigenic freshwater Microcystis strain and carried out an analysis focused on primary,adaptive and compensatory stress responses at apical(growth and photosynthesis)and metabolic levels.This analysis revealed that the two toxic Microcystis strains were more tolerant than the non-toxic strain,with 96 hr-EC_(50)values of 0.70,0.76,and 0.38 mg/L BAC-14 for toxigenic M.aeruginosa FACHB-905,toxigenic M.aeruginosa FACHB-469,and non-toxigenic M.wesenbergii FACHB-908,respectively.The photosynthetic activities of the Microcystis,assessed via F_(v)/F_(m) values,were significantly suppressed under 0.4 mg/L BAC-14.Furthermore,this analysis revealed that BAC-14 altered 14,12,and 8 metabolic pathways in M.aeruginosa FACHB-905,M.aeruginosa FACHB-469,and M.wesenbergii FACHB-908,respectively.It is noteworthy that BAC-14 enhanced the level of extracellular microcystin production in the toxigenic Microcystis strains,although cell growth was not significantly affected.Collectively,these data show that BAC-14 disrupted the physiological and metabolic status of Microcystis cells and stimulated the production and release of microcystin,which could result in damage to aquatic systems.

关 键 词：DISINFECTANTS Quaternary ammonium compounds MICROCYSTIS CYANOTOXIN Metabolomics Chlorophyll fluorescence 

分 类 号：X52[环境科学与工程—环境工程]