黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀特征分析  

Analysis of Soil Erosion Characteristics on the Tableland of Loess Plateau

作　　者：穆兴民[1,2] 杜敏 邵祎婷 孙文义 赵广举[1,2] 高鹏[1,2] MU Xingmin;DU Min;SHAO Yiting;SUN Wenyi;ZHAO Guangju;GAO Peng(Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Yangling 712100,China;State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China;Upper and Middle Yellow River Bureau,Yellow River Conservancy Commission,Xi′an 710021,China;School of Water Conservancy&Environment Engineering,Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power,Hangzhou 310018,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]黄河水利委员会黄河上中游管理局,陕西西安710021 [4]浙江水利水电学院水利与环境工程学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《华北水利水电大学学报（自然科学版）》2023年第6期96-102,共7页Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power：Natural Science Edition

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(42077075);国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U2243211)。

摘　　要：黄土高塬沟壑区侵蚀十分严重,是黄河泥沙主要源区,厘清该区域土壤侵蚀特征与治理重点是区域高质量发展的关键。以黄土高塬沟壑区砚瓦川流域为研究区,收集整理1976—2019年实测径流及泥沙资料,采用产流模数及产沙模数等指标体系,系统分析了黄土高塬沟壑区流域侵蚀产沙强度及能力变化。结果表明:砚瓦川流域1976—2019年产流模数与产沙模数均呈下降趋势,二者具有较好的一致性。多年平均产流模数与产沙模数分别为22991 m^(3)/km^(2)和1889 t/km^(2),产流及产沙变化规律一致,二者均于1997年发生突变。相较于突变年份之前,年均产流强度和产沙强度分别减少23.9%和75.8%,表征产流及产沙能力的产流系数和产沙系数则分别降低24.0%和73.0%。1976—2019年,流域的产流量及产沙量呈下降趋势。河流年均含沙量64.5 kg/m^(3),由突变前的98.3 kg/m^(3)减少至突变后的33.6 kg/m^(3),减少了67.0%。黄土高塬沟壑区侵蚀产沙多来自场次降雨,年内最大3 d侵蚀产沙占年总产沙量的50%。突变前,年产流模数与年降雨量的相关关系最优;突变后,年产流模数与日降雨量高于50 mm的年累计降雨量的关系最为密切。研究中进一步明晰了黄土高塬沟壑区水沙过程及其与降雨关系的变化,可为极端事件频发下黄土高塬沟壑区水土保持治理策略的转变提供一定参考。Erosion is very serious in the Loess Plateau gully area,which is the main source of sediment in the Yellow River.To clarify the characteristics and control of soil erosion in this region is the key to high quality regional development.The measured runoff and sediment data from 1976 to 2019 were collected from Yanwachuan watershed in the Loess Plateau gully area.The changes of sediment yield intensity and capacity of erosion in the gully area of Loess Plateau were systematically analyzed by using the index system of flow yield modulus and sediment yield modulus.The results are as follows.The annual flow modulus and sediment yield modulus of Yanwachuan watershed from 1976 to 2019 showed a decreasing trend,and the two showed a good consistency.The annual average flow and sediment production modulus are 22991 m^(3)/km^(2) and 1889 t/km^(2),respectively,and the variation rules of flow and sediment production are consistent,both of which have abrupt changes in 1997.Compared with the year before the abrupt change,the average annual flow yield intensity and sediment yield intensity decreased by 23.9%and 75.8%,respectively,while the flow yield coefficient and sediment yield coefficient,which represent the flow yield and sediment yield capacity,decreased by 24.0%and 73.0%,respectively.From 1976 to 2019,the runoff and sediment yield of the basin showed a downward trend.The average annual sediment content of the river was 64.5 kg/m^(3),which decreased by 67.0%from 98.3 kg/m^(3) before the mutation to 33.6 kg/m^(3) after the mutation.Most of the erosion and sediment yield in the gully area of Loess Plateau came from the rainfall,and the maximum three-day erosion and sediment yield accounted for 50%of the total annual sediment yield.Before the abrupt change,the correlation between the annual flow modulus and the annual rainfall is the best.After the abrupt change,the annual flow modulus is most closely related to the annual cumulative rainfall when the daily rainfall is higher than 50 mm.The study further clarified the change

关 键 词：土壤侵蚀 产流模数 产沙模数 砚瓦川流域 黄土高塬沟壑区 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]