新出胡家草场墓地历日简与汉初历法  

The Study on the Calendar of Early Han Dynasty Based on the Newly Published Slips of Hujia Caochang

作　　者：岳冠林 张淑一[1] Yue Guanlin;Zhang Shuyi

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《出土文献》2023年第4期81-91,156,157,共13页Excavated Documents

摘　　要：荆州胡家草场12号西汉墓出土的4 600余枚简牍中包含203枚历日简。这203枚历日简预推了汉文帝后元元年之后一百年的朔日干支(前163年至前64年),是迄今发掘的连续朔闰时长最久的历法材料。将朔日干支进行对比可知,胡家草场墓地历日简所反映的历法与殷历切近,余分仅比殷历大150分左右(每日以940分计,误差大致相当于3.8个小时),其置闰年份也与殷历一致。结合近年来有关秦汉历法的研究成果,以及传世文献中记载的朔闰干支和置闰规律可知,汉初的置闰年份与殷历的置闰规律相符,与颛顼历的置闰规律不符,因此汉初的历法并非史籍所载之颛顼历,实由殷历变化而来。Among the more than 4,600 slips unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb No.12 from Hujia Caochang,Jingzhou,there are 203 calendar slips.These calendar slips calculate the future ganzhi干支dates for one hundred years after the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty(163—64 BC),and it is the largest calendar unearthed so far.By comparing the Yin calendar with more than 20 calendar slips of Hujia Caochang,it can be shown that the calendar are very similar,and the difference only amounts to about 150 portions a day more than the Yin calendar(divided one day into 940 portions,the error is roughly equivalent to 3.8 hours),and the leap year is also consistent with the Yin calendar.Based on recently discovered Qin and Han calendar materials,and records in transmitted literature on the dates of the new leap and the regulations governing intercalation,it can be deducted that the early Han leap year regulations and the Yin calendar leap year are consistent,and that it differs from the Zhuanxu calendar.As such,the Han calendrical system is actually derived from the Yin calendar and not from the Zhuanxu calendar as recorded in historical works.

关 键 词：胡家草场墓地历日简 汉初历法 殷历 颛顼历 四分历 置闰 

分 类 号：P194.3[天文地球—天文学] K234[历史地理—历史学] K877.5[历史地理—中国史]