重庆大水田新石器时代遗址出土人骨的健康状况及葬式  

Research on the health condition and burial style of human bones from the Dashuitian Neolithic site in Chongqing

作　　者：滕逍霄 代玉彪 原海兵[3] 白九江 TENG Xiaoxiao;DAI Yubiao;YUAN Haibing;BAI Jiujiang(School of Archaeology,Jilin University,Changchun 130012;The Relics and Archaeology Institute of Chongqing,Chongqing 400010;Center for Archaeological Science,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610041)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学考古学院,长春130012 [2]重庆市文物考古研究院,重庆400010 [3]四川大学考古科学中心,成都610041

出　　处：《人类学学报》2023年第6期764-778,共15页Acta Anthropologica Sinica

基　　金：中华文明探源研究(2020YFC1521607);吉林大学哲学社会科学研究创新团队项目(2022CXTD17);国家社科基金一般项目(19BKG038)。

摘　　要：重庆大水田遗址是近年三峡地区考古的重要发现,其墓葬出土的数量较多、葬式丰富的人骨材料在长江中上游地区十分罕见。本文立足于该遗址2014年度出土的大溪文化时期的248例人骨材料,研究了该人群的人口特征、健康状况、营养水平、身高和埋葬姿势等,并结合考古背景探讨了生业经济、人地关系和丧葬葬式演变特征等。研究表明,三峡地区史前人群非常适应周边聚落分散、水网密集、野生资源富集的山地环境,当时人们以采集渔猎为主,原始旱作农业为辅,过着安定和平的生活。同时,山地陡坡和相对封闭的地貌制约了当地社会经济的发展,一定程度上影响了人们的生存与健康。该研究为我们考察本区域史前人类与环境的双向互动提供了新的视角。此外,对葬式的考察表明时人在埋葬亡者时对尸身进行了有意识地屈肢陈置,且葬式存在由“屈”向“直”的历时性演变特征。随着大溪文化的衰落,三峡地区屈肢葬式渐次退出历史的舞台。The Dashuitian Neolithic site is an important archaeological discovery in the Three Gorges region dated back to 6300-5300 years ago.A large number of human bones with rich burial types are rarely found in this region.Based on the study of 248 human bones excavated from the Dashuitian site in 2014,this paper reveals the demographic characteristics,reproductive risk,health condition,nutritional levels,height and burial systems of the Neolithic inhabitants in the Three Gorges area.Furthermore,the subsistence economy,human-environment relationships and the evolutionary characteristics of burial patterns are discussed.The number of male is more than female,showing a weak“high sex ratio”phenomenon.The demographic structure of the inhabitants of Dashuitian is more stable than the Daxi site.The living conditions of minors were bad.The mortality rate is very high,especially for infants and young children.Most inhabitants died in middle age.Few people lived to the old age,reflecting the generally low life expectancy of inhabitants.Males have higher mortality rates than females in both middle and prime age,which is related to the heavier manual labor and greater risk of death in productive activities.Males are not found in adolescence,and the female mortality rate is very high during this period.Because women were exposed to greater reproductive risks during pregnancy,childbirth and puerperium.The prevalence of dental caries indicates that the survival strategies were dominated by the use of wildlife,especially aquatic organisms.The production economy was transitioning from hunter-gatherer to agricultural.Dry farming was primitive,with poor production techniques and low levels of sophistication.This transitional productive economy had also caused anaemia.Joint diseases mainly involve the knee,elbow,vertebrae and foot joints.The vertebral and elbow joints in male were severely affected.Male played an important role in agricultural production.Simple cutting tools and slash-and-burn farming methods put a heavy load on the

关 键 词：三峡 新石器时代 大溪文化 人骨 葬式 

分 类 号：Q983[生物学—人类学]