礼仪与护卫——丝绸之路“青海道”彩绘木棺板画马队出行图像解读  

Etiquette and Security:Interpretation of the Image of Procession of Chariots and Horses in the Wooden Coffin Board Paintings Discovered along the Qinghai Road of Silk Road

作　　者：孙杰 Sun Jie

机构地区：[1]西宁市博物馆

出　　处：《四川文物》2023年第6期64-75,共12页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：从丝绸之路“青海道”沿线发现的古代彩绘木棺板画的构图方式、画面内容和文化特征看,绘制时代或可分为吐谷浑时期和吐蕃时期。马队出行图像是这两个时期彩绘木棺板画中最常见的图像题材之一,过去一直将其解释为与吐蕃苯教某种丧葬仪式有关的图像,或是表现了前来奔丧的宾客。但事实上这一图像与丧葬仪式本身并无关系,而是表现墓主身份和威仪的具有卤簿性质的仪仗图像,兼具礼仪和护卫两种功能。从人物服饰、马匹装饰不难发现其与两汉以来魏晋南北朝时期北方壁画墓常见出行仪仗图像之间的密切关系,符合当时的时代风尚。但这种不见牛车鞍马,全部为骑马武士的出行仪仗图像,更多应该是受到了河西魏晋壁画砖墓中马队出行仪仗图像的影响,两者之间存在密切的粉本源头关系。The Qinghai Road of Silk Road has been an important channel for ethnic migration,cultural exchanges and business exchanges since ancient times.It was the main active area of the Qiang people,Tuyuhun and Tubo successively,and was constantly influenced by multiple cultures from different regions and different nationalities in middle ancient times.The special geographical location and the alternating control of different ethnic groups make the diversity of cultural factors one of the most remarkable features of the ancient remains in this region.Wooden coffin board painting is one of the most concentrated carriers of this cultural diversity,which has become an important image historical material for us to study the livelihood and life of various nationalities along the Silk Road in the Middle Ages.In July 2018,Qing Hai Province Museum sorted out the painted wooden coffin boards found along the Qinghai Road of Silk Road,during which we intentionally made a comparative analysis of these painted wooden coffin boards from various aspects such as shape,painting style,content and subject matter.The conclusion is that these wooden coffin board paintings can be divided into type A and type B which belongs to Tuyuhun period and Tubo period respectively.Procession of chariots and horses is one of the most common themes in these periods,which has been previously interpreted as bonpo funeral ceremony or mourning guests.However,the people as well as their clothing and ceremonial objects suggest that the image manifests honor guard as a sign of the tomb owner's status and prestige,combining etiquette and security.Judging from clothing and horse adornment,the honor guard images have a close connection with the tomb murals in northern China from the Han to the Northern Dynasties.Nonetheless,the honor guard entirely composed of horsemen and excluding ox cart and saddle horse indicates the influence from the honor guard image in Wei-Jin period tomb mural in Hexi region,which should be origin of preliminary sketch of Qinghai Road imag

关 键 词：“青海道” 彩绘木棺板画 马队出行图像 

分 类 号：K879.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]