预先放弃继承的类型与效力  

The Types and Effectiveness of Pre-renunciation of Inheritance

作　　者：汪洋[1] Wang Yang

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2023年第6期109-121,共13页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：清华大学自主科研文科专项(2021THZWJC20)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：我国现行规范未阐明继承开始前继承人预先放弃继承的效力,引发学界与裁判实务的争议。放弃继承属于一种财产行为,可分为继承开始前、继承开始后到遗产分割前以及遗产分割后三个阶段,第一阶段的预先放弃继承包括三种类型。第一种类型为单方预先放弃继承,在第二阶段开始后放弃行为人享有继承既得权时直接发生效力,且具有正当理由方可申请裁判撤销。第二种类型为继承人与被继承人订立继承协议放弃继承,协议产生约束力,放弃继承与分配将来遗产等死因行为自被继承人死亡时发生效力;扶养义务分担和额外补偿等内容自协议成立后生效。第三种类型为潜在的共同继承人订立协议,预先放弃继承并分配将来遗产,有偿放弃时对各方产生拘束力且自继承开始时发生效力;反之,则放弃行为人有权撤销。合同义务不属于导致放弃继承行为无效的法定义务,符合要件时债权人可以请求法院撤销放弃行为。The current regulations in China lack clarity regarding the efficacy of pre-inheritance renunciations by prospective heirs,leading to contentious debates in both academic and judicial spheres.Renunciation of inheritance is a form of property action consisting of three stages:pre-inheritance,from the beginning of the inheritance until the division of the estate,and post-estate division.The first stage,pre-inheritance renunciation,encompasses three distinct types.The first type involves unilateral pre-in-heritance renunciation,which takes immediate effect when the renouncing party acquires vested inheri-tance rights during the second stage.However,revocation can be sought through legal recourse with valid justification.The second type involves the renunciation of inheritance through an inheritance agreement between the heir and the testator.This agreement becomes binding and takes effect upon the testator's demise,encompassing renunciation of future inheritance and the distribution of the estate.Ancillary ob-ligations,such as the sharing of support responsibilities and additional compensation,come into effect following the establishment of the agreement.The third type involves prospective co-heirs entering into an agreement to renounce their rights to inheritance and to allocate future estate assets.This agreement binds all parties when consideration is present for the renunciation and takes effect from the commence-ment of inheritance.Conversely,the renouncing party retains the right to revoke the agreement.Contrac-tual obligations do not fall within the defined legal obligations that render renunciations of inheritance invalid.However,when specific criteria are met,creditors may petition the court to revoke a renunciation act.

关 键 词：继承权 放弃继承 继承协议 分家析产协议 债权人撤销权 

分 类 号：D923.5[政治法律—民商法学]