2023年4—5月寒潮天气过程对新疆棉花播种出苗及苗期生长的影响  

Impact of Cold Wave Weather Processes on the Seeding and Seedling Growth of Xinjiang Cotton from April to May,2023

作　　者：黄娟 黄健[2] 吴新国 姚艳丽 HUANG Juan;HUANG Jian;WU Xinguo;YAO Yanli(Xinjiang Agriculture Network Information Center/Xinjiang Agro-Meteorological Observatory,Urumqi 830002,China;Institute of Desert Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Urumqi 830002,China;Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Meteorological Bureau,Korla 841000,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆兴农网信息中心/新疆农业气象台,新疆乌鲁木齐830001 [2]中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830001 [3]巴音郭楞蒙古自治州气象局,新疆库尔勒841000

出　　处：《沙漠与绿洲气象》2023年第6期75-82,共8页Desert and Oasis Meteorology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41775109);中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所科技发展基金项目(KJFZ202309);棉花主要害虫爆发的气象机制和绿色防控示范推广项目(2022SNGGGCC014)。

摘　　要：基于新疆105个国家站2023年4-5月气象观测数据和同期棉花生长发育的物候资料,选取日平均气温≤12℃的持续天数作为棉花苗期低温冷害等级指标,采用GIS空间加权综合评判法对棉花苗期生长低温冷害修正后的指标进行划分,结果表明:4月,播种后棉花出苗缓慢,北疆部分棉区、巴州北部棉区、阿克苏地区已播种的棉花出现烂种烂芽、棉苗立枯病等现象;5月上旬,全疆棉区气温持续偏低,多降水碱灾、低温霜冻及局地冰雹等灾害天气,致使棉田土壤板结,棉花出苗困难,5月下旬,多地出现强对流天气,冰雹、强降水导致棉花受灾;4月较重度、重度苗期低温冷害的棉区有:北疆沿天山一带大部分棉区,鄯善、哈密市、巴州北部部分棉区,克州部分棉区;5月较重度、重度苗期低温冷害的棉区有:昌吉州、哈密市北部、巴州北部、克州部分;综合4-5月新疆棉区日最低气温≤0℃的持续日数、大风日数、日平均相对湿度情况分析,北疆沿天山一带的大部分棉区、吐鲁番市、巴州棉区、阿克苏地区东部的棉花受冻较严重,需及时补苗,关注棉花后期生长状况。Based on meteorological observation data from 105 national stations in Xinjiang from April to May,2023 and phenological data of cotton growth and development during the same period,the duration of daily average temperature≤12℃was selected as the indicator of low temperature chilling injury during cotton seedling stage.The GIS spatial weighted comprehensive evaluation method was used to divide the low temperature chilling injury indicator for cotton seedling stage growth.The results showed that most cotton planting periods in most cotton areas of Xinjiang were in April,later than those in normal years and last year,and cotton emergence was slow and difficult after sowing.Some cotton areas in northern Xinjiang,northern regions of Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture,and Aksu regions had experienced phenomena such as seed rot,bud rot,and cotton seedling wilt.Most of the cotton development period was in May,later than that in usual and last year.In the first ten-day of May,the temperature in the entire cotton area of Xinjiang continued to be low,with frequent precipitation,alkali disasters,low temperature frost,and local hail and other weather disasters,resulting in soil compaction in cotton fields and difficulties in cotton seedling emergence.In the last ten-day of the May,severe convective weather occurred in many areas,with hail and heavy rainfall causing cotton disasters.In April,many cotton areas appeared severe and more severe cold damage during the seedling stage,such as most of the cotton areas along the Tianshan Mountains in northern Xinjiang,Shanshan,Hami,northern parts of Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture,and part of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture.In May,cotton areas occurred severe and more severe cold damage during the seedling stage included Changji Prefecture,northern Hami,northern parts of Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture,and parts of Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Prefecture.Based on the analysis of the continuous days with daily minimum temperature≤0℃,strong wind

关 键 词：棉花 苗期 低温冷害 大风 相对湿度 

分 类 号：S161[农业科学—农业气象学]