氮肥和品种及种植密度对春玉米机械化收获性状及产量的影响  

Effects of nitrogen,variety and planting density on the mechanized harvest characters and yield of spring maize

作　　者：杨泽宇 吕慎强 李嘉[1] 李惠通 王筱斐 王林权[1] YANG Zeyu;LYU Shenqiang;LI Jia;LI Huitong;WANG Xiaofei;WANG Linquan(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2023年第18期41-50,共10页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124)。

摘　　要：机械化收获是提高农业生产效率的重要措施,但机械化收获受倒伏、籽粒脱水特性和收获籽粒含水率等的影响。为探讨春玉米形态结构与抗倒伏性之间的关系,籽粒脱水进程和收获籽粒含水率对品种、施氮量和种植密度的响应,该研究以先玉335和陕单609为试验材料,设置0、180和225 kg/hm^(2)三个氮肥水平,6.5×10^(4)和8.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2)两个种植密度,通过2 a大田试验研究品种、种植密度和氮肥对株高、茎粗、穗位系数、抗折强度、弯曲力矩、倒伏系数、灌浆末期籽粒脱水速率、收获籽粒含水率、产量和生物量等的影响。结果表明:不施氮条件下,株高和茎粗对倒伏系数影响较大;施氮条件下,倒伏系数主要受弯曲力矩、抗折强度和株高影响。施氮显著降低陕单609的倒伏系数(P<0.05),施氮处理下陕单609的株高和茎粗较不施氮处理分别增加8%~21%和26%~45%,抗折强度和弯曲力矩分别增加157%~277%和72%~114%,倒伏系数降低30%~47%。施氮可降低籽粒脱水速率,推迟脱水进程,显著增加收获籽粒含水率(P<0.05)。施氮处理籽粒含水率较不施氮处理提高7%~9%。高密度处理收获籽粒含水率比低密度处理低3%(P<0.05)。先玉335的籽粒脱水速率快,收获籽粒含水率比陕单609低7%(P<0.05)。与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理产量和生物量分别显著提高92%和63%(P<0.05)。与低密度处理相比,高密度处理产量显著增加12%(P<0.05)。综上所述,春玉米的倒伏性、灌浆后期籽粒脱水速率及收获籽粒含水率受品种特性影响,也受施肥、栽培措施和气候条件的显著影响。选育籽粒脱水快的品种、适当增加种植密度并合理统筹氮肥施用量可以提高春玉米机械化收获适宜性。Mechanized harvesting has been one of the vital measures to improve the efficiency of agricultural production.The popularization of mechanized harvesting can also be confined to the lodging resistance and grain moisture content.Particularly,it is difficult to realize the mechanized harvest of tall crops(such as maize),due to the large-area lodging and high grain moisture.Previous studies were focused mainly on harvesting machinery and breeding new varieties.However it is still lacking in the agronomic measures.There is a high demand to combine agricultural machinery and agronomy practices during maize harvesting.This study aims to investigate the effects of nitrogen(N)application rate,variety,and planting density on the lodging resistance and grain moisture content of spring maize.The field experiment was performed on the Loess Plateau in Changwu County,Shaanxi Province,China,from 2019 to 2020.Xianyu335 and Shaandan609 were also used as the test varieties.Three rates of nitrogen application were set as 0,180,and 225 kg/hm^(2),and two planting densities were 6.5×10^(4) and 8.5×10^(4) plants/hm^(2).A series of parameters were assessed via field experiments,including the plant height,stem diameter,bending moment,bending strength,lodging index,grain dehydration rate at the end of the filling stage,grain moisture content at harvest,grain and biomass yield.The results showed that the lodging was only affected by the N application.The lodging index was significantly affected by the plant height and stem diameter without the N,whereas,the lodging index was closely related to the bending moment,bending strength,and plant height with the N(P<0.05).The N application enhanced the stem diameter and bending strength for a better lodging index of maize,indicating the different response of the lodging index of maize varieties to N.Specifically,the plant height and stem diameter of Xianyu335 increased by 13%-31%and 28%-38%,respectively,whereas,the bending strength and bending moment increased by 153%-203%and 133%-203%,respectiv

关 键 词：机械化 氮肥 玉米 种植密度 倒伏指数 籽粒含水率 收获 

分 类 号：S344.9[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术] S365[农业科学—农艺学]