西北旱区农业高质量发展体系的生态农业内涵与路径  

Ecological agriculture connotation and pathway of high-quality agricultural development system in Northwest arid region

作　　者：陶汪海 邓铭江 王全九[1,2] 苏李君 马昌坤[1,2] 宁松瑞 TAO Wanghai;DENG Mingjiang;WANG Quanjiu;SU Lijun;MA Changkun;NING Songrui(Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an 710048,China;State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China,Xi'an 710048,China;Engineering Research Center of Water Resources and Eco-Hydraulics in Arid and Cold Region,Urumqi 830099,China)

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学,西安710048 [2]西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,西安710048 [3]寒旱区水资源与生态水利工程研究中心,乌鲁木齐830099

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2023年第20期221-232,共12页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目“西北灌区农业高效用水与生态服务功能提升策略研究”(2022-XZ-26)。

摘　　要：西北旱区自然条件恶劣,水土资源不匹配,农业发展受到诸多障碍。为探索一条突破环境制约,且资源集约高效利用的现代农业发展道路,该文系统分析了国内外农业发展沿革与趋势,明晰了西北旱区农业发展面临的问题与挑战,构建了针对西北旱区的生态农业发展理论框架,提出了西北旱区多业态生态农业结构与提质增效途径。研究发现,生态农业是通过现代科学技术与生态工程原理,形成产供销全链条绿色循环且生态功能持续提升的一种农业体系。生态农业应具备农业资源集约化、生产过程生态化、农业经营产业化、农业管理智能化、农业功能多元化五大基本特征。该文构建了以高效益、高效率、高品质、高素质为目标的生态农业高质量发展体系,提出了集优质棉业、精品果业、优质粮草、生态养殖、特色小镇、地理产品为一体的西北旱区多业态生态农业结构,阐明了以节水控盐协同模式、生境智能管控模式、“园机”一体化模式、循环经济发展模式、城乡统筹发展模式、“三产”一体化模式为核心的西北旱区生态农业提质增效技术体系,明确了以农业高效用水和生态功能提升为核心的关键途径。同时实践经验显示,绿色可持续的生态农业发展理念对促进区域经济水平与生态环境建设效果显著,如陕西眉县绿色林果业品牌入选中欧地理标志产品名单、综合产值达58.5亿元,甘肃广河县和宁夏青铜峡市畜禽粪污资源化率超90%,新疆生产建设兵团七十七团通过秸秆资源化技术单产增加8%、土壤有机质达21.2%,内蒙古科尔沁旗通过优质牧草种植、良种培育的生态畜牧业实现了规模生产与草场保护的双赢。Agricultural production can depend mainly on various natural conditions in the arid areas of northwest China.The ecological environment is ever deteriorating in recent years,including the arid climate,water scarcity,soil salinization,and low land quality.Furthermore,the conflict between ecological and agricultural water use has caused inadequate water supply in the irrigation areas,insufficient irrigation and drainage facilities,as well as low efficiency in water and fertilizer utilization.It is still lacking in the coordination between agricultural production and the ecological environment.In this study,the development path of modern agriculture was explored to balance the environmental constraints and efficiently use resources.The history and trends of agriculture were first identified to determine the agricultural challenges in the arid northwest region.A framework of ecological agriculture was proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of agricultural production.The green circular chain of production,supply,and sales was established in the ecological agriculture system,in order to continuously enhance the ecological functions using modern scientific,technological,and ecological engineering.Ecological agriculture was characterized by resource intensification,ecological production,industrialization of agricultural management,intelligent agriculture,and diversified agricultural functions.A multi-format structure of ecological agriculture was proposed for the arid northwest region,including high-quality cotton,fruits,grains,and forage,ecological breeding,characteristic towns,and geographical products.A technical system was also presented to improve the quality and efficiency of ecological agriculture.Six featuring modes included the water-saving and salt-control synergistic,habitat intelligent control,"park machinery"integrated,circular economy,urban-rural coordinated,and three-industry integrated mode.Some suggestions were proposed for the high-quality development paths,according to the unique characteristic

关 键 词：生态农业 理论体系 西北旱区 高质量发展 

分 类 号：S27[农业科学—农业水土工程]