山、鸟与祖先:三星堆玉璋图案祭祖祈年仪式探究  

Study on the Ancestor Worship and Year Prayer Ceremony with the Pattern of Jade Zhang from Sanxingdui Site:Mountains,Birds,and Ancestors

作　　者：吕明星 Lv Mingxing

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《农业考古》2023年第6期20-29,共10页Agricultural Archaeology

摘　　要：本文立足于三星堆2号坑出土文物,并结合商代及史前鸟信仰背景研究后发现,祭祀图其实是三星堆人春季在山上举行的祭祖祈年仪式。在三星堆,鸟曾被奉为祖神(图腾),并兼为农神。同时,山被视为祖先生殖力象征。仪式中沟通神灵的主祭者代表鸟祖象征性播种后,和助祭者一起祈年。象牙、牙璋等均是祈年灵物。三星堆鸟信仰与史前及商代鸟祖信仰的承袭交流,充分体现了中华早期文明“多元一体”格局。此外,与辛店文化女性“发芽”理念相比,三星堆文化更强调男性在“播种-发芽”中的生殖作用,并将山岳崇拜纳入三星堆祭祀体系。Previous researches have maintained from the perspective of relevant literature that mountains and birds from Sanxingdui Site are both related to ancestral gods,but none of them have identified the close relationship among mountains,birds and ancestors from the perspective of iconology.Based on the unearthed cultural relics in Sanxingdui Site,and combined with the background of bird worship in the Shang Dynasty and prehistory period,it is found that the sacrificial pattern is ancestor worship and new-year pray ceremony held by Sanxingdui people on the mountains in spring.In Sanxingdui,birds are respected as ancestral gods(totems)and god of agriculture.At the same time,mountains are seen as a symbol of ancestral fertility.In the ceremony,the main sacrificial representative of the bird ancestor,who communicates with the gods,would symbolically sows seeds and prays for the new year together with the sacrificial assistant.Ivory and Yazhang(a blade-shape jade)are both divine objects for new-year praying.The inheritance and exchange among the Sanxingdui bird belief and the prehistory period and Shang Dynasty ones fully reflect the diverse and integrated pattern of early Chinese civilization.In addition,compared with the concept of women germination in Xindian culture,Sanxingdui culture emphasizes the reproductive role of men in the sowing and germination process,and incorporates mountain worship into the Sanxingdui sacrificial system.

关 键 词：三星堆 鸟崇拜 祖先崇拜 山岳崇拜 农业神 

分 类 号：K876[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]