德国综合安全观:理论缘起、历史演进与实践评估  

Germany's Integrated Security Concept:Theoretical Origins,Historical Evolution and Practical Assessment

作　　者：黄萌萌[1] HUANG Mengmeng(the Institute of European Studies,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100732)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院欧洲研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《国际安全研究》2024年第1期108-135,165,166,共30页Journal of International Security Studies

基　　金：中国外交部“指南针计划”《欧洲安全观变迁与对华政策影响》(KT 202301)的课题资助。

摘　　要：德国首份《国家安全战略》以“综合安全”为要义,具有理论逻辑和历史脉络可循。德国综合安全观兴起于冷战后,其内在逻辑是对欧洲主义安全观的继承性发展,聚焦两极秩序瓦解后的经济与社会秩序稳定以及应对域外冲突,注重非传统安全,安全参与者包含国家与非国家行为体。克里米亚危机后,传统军事威胁回归欧陆,德国综合安全观“防御性”与“韧性”融合并重。俄乌冲突冲击欧洲安全秩序,德国综合安全观愈发重视国家与联盟防御,并通过“多元化”与“联盟政治”等手段推进“去风险”策略,增强经济与社会韧性,同时也呈现出泛安全化、价值观化与权力政治的特质,其影响力辐射至“印太”地区与对华政策上。然而,德国综合安全政策实践仍面临诸多挑战。防御上,德国提升国防的政治承诺与其军事资源尚不匹配。韧性上,德国“去风险”策略受国际权力对比变化、中国市场红利、德国政界与商界意见的异质性以及德国国内经济成本的制约。为此,中国应客观看待德国安全政策转型的影响。Germany’s first National Security Strategy(NSS)after the Second World War is based on the concept of“integrated security”,which has a theoretical logic and historical lineage to follow.Germany’s integrated security concept emerged after the Cold War.It is an inherited development of the Europeanist concept of security,focusing on the stability of the economic and social order after the collapse of the bipolar order,rapid responses to extraterritorial conflicts,and non-traditional security with the involvement of both state and non-state actors.After the Crimean crisis,traditional military threats resurfaced in the European continent,making Germany’s integrated security policy emphasize both“defensiveness”and“resilience”.Given that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has undermined the security order in Europe,Germany’s integrated security policy puts a higher premium on both national and mutual defense,aiming to enhance its economic and social resilience and promote the“de-risking”strategy through instruments of“diversification”and“alliance politics”.At the same time,the National Security Strategy also shows such characteristics as pan-securitization,value-orientation and power politics that try to enhance Germany’s visibility in the“Indo-Pacific”region.However,Germany’s integrated security policy still faces many obstacles.In terms of its defensiveness,Germany’s political commitment to enhance national defense is not yet matched by its military resources.As regards its resilience,Germany’s“de-risking”strategy is constrained by the changes in international power competition,China’s market dividends,disparate opinions of German political and business circles,and Germany’s domestic economic costs.Therefore,China should objectively view the impact of Germany’s security policy transformation.

关 键 词：综合安全观 德国国家安全战略 经济去风险 德国安全政策转型 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系] D751.6[政治法律—政治学]