消费公益诉讼惩罚性赔偿金的归属与分配——基于分配正义理念的跨法域研究  

Attribution and Distribution of Punitive Compensation in Consumer Public Interest Litigation——Cross-Jurisdictional Research Based on the Concept of Distributive Justice

作　　者：高旭 Gao Xu

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第12期122-139,共18页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“诉之类型的体系化研究”(20BFX085)的中期研究成果。

摘　　要：消费公益诉讼惩罚性赔偿金的归属和分配在实践层面颇为混乱,收归国库的通行做法也受到学界的普遍质疑。惩罚性赔偿数额分享制度赋予政府收取部分赔偿金的权利,但该制度以私人执法为依托,其合宪性基础与我国的公共执法模式存在偏差,无法直接移植。在公共执法模式下,将惩罚性赔偿金收归国库面临一系列合法性难题,难以圆融于我国的公法体系。数额分享制度以分配正义为价值指引,新近理论更加关切惩罚性赔偿金的分配与使用如何更好地追求社会效益。通过对数额分享制度价值基础及其沿革理论的借鉴,我国公共执法模式下惩罚性赔偿金的归属及分配机制可通过接驳社会法的基本范畴予以建构:对于消费者的损失,惩罚性赔偿金可作为资金来源建立社会补偿机制;在权属安排上,惩罚性赔偿金不宜通过财政工具调整,应界定为社会产权并选择适宜的组织管理形式;在国家职能层面,法院应秉持能动司法和协商性司法理念,检察院等代表公共利益的主体应履行监督义务,共同参与建立适宜的管理模式和高效的偿付程序,从而推动惩罚性赔偿消费公益诉讼的社会化转向。The entitlement and allocation of punitive damage claimed in consumer public interest litigation are unclear and contradictory in practice.The legitimacy of the common practice that punitive damage is reverted to the treasury has been challenged by scholars.In America,the split recovery system confers right to part of punitive damage on the government.However,the private enforcement model of America is inapplicable for China.The process that the recovery split system obtains constitutionality also highlights the legality problem of China's public enforcement model.The distributive justice that split recovery system values can guide China to solve its problem.To improve the existing mechanism,the basic categories of social law can be introduced as theoretical tools.The awarded damage can be source to compensate the social damage in which the loss of consumers is included.The damage is not the state-owned property but the social property where the optimal organizational form to manage it is public welfare foundation or charitable trust.The related public organs should participate in the negotiation and establishment of the organizational regulations,supervise the management and perfect supporting procedural rules.

关 键 词：消费公益诉讼 惩罚性赔偿 数额分享制度 公共执法模式 社会补偿 社会产权 

分 类 号：D923.8[政治法律—民商法学]