“变态”:一个心理学术语在汉语世界的百年流变  

History of the Centurial Evolution of a Psychological Term“Abnormal”in the Chinese-language World

作　　者：葛枭语 GE Xiao-yu(School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学心理与认知科学学院暨行为与心理健康北京市重点实验室,北京100871

出　　处：《中国临床心理学杂志》2023年第6期1448-1455,共8页Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology

摘　　要：“变态”一词自晚清光绪年间进入汉语心理学,20世纪10年代成为学科定名,迅速向大众话语渗透,这一过程是系统回溯近代心理学术与大众生活互相影响、共同变迁历程的巧妙切入点和生动案例,也折射出赛先生"在中国现代化转型历程中的复杂角色。在学习舶来概念“变态”时,学者的理解可归纳为五种观点:长尾极值论、社会期望论、症状符合论、现实危害论、习惯破裂论。因该术语的局限性,其在大众语用流变中经历了不当泛化与狭化,逐渐悖离学术原意,层积了堕落、色狼、暴虐之隐喻与联想。这提示我们须重新审视“变态心理学”一词在实践中的应用。The term“abnormal”was introduced into the Chinese-language world in 1900s,was used as the formal name of a psychological discipline in 1910s,and then rapidly became prevalent among the public.This process is a smart starting point and an informative case where we can systematically review how psychological research and public life interacted and co-evolved in the 20th century in China and how science played its multi-oriented role during the process of modernization in China.There were five main perspectives from which researchers at that time interpreted the imported concept“abnormal:”(A)people who deviate to a certain degree from the public norm are abnormal;(B)people who deviate from the public norm in a socially undesired way are abnormal;(C)people whose symptoms are in line with the defined criterion symptoms are abnormal;(D)people whose psychological traits or states prevent them from living their normal life or threaten the public safety are abnormal;and(E)people who dissociate their behaviors from their usual habits are abnormal.Due to its limitations,the term“abnormal”was gradually overgeneralized and narrowed in an improper way in the public pragmatics,went further and further from its original meanings in academic psychology,and was associated with the stigmatized metaphor and implication,such as degenerate,indecency,and brute.This suggests us to reconsider the use of the term“abnormal psychology”in contemporary psychological practices.

关 键 词：变态 变态心理学 心理学史 心理病理学 心理卫生 

分 类 号：R395.2[哲学宗教—心理学]