维韦斯的贫困救助理论:科学救助思想的开端  

Vives’Poverty Relief Theory:The Beginning of Scientific Relief Thought

作　　者：张威[1] ZHANG Wei

机构地区：[1]四川大学公共管理学院,成都610065

出　　处：《社会工作》2023年第6期42-53,101-103,共15页Journal of Social Work

摘　　要：人类思考贫困问题已有几千年的历史,但维韦斯1525年创立的“贫困救助理论”标志着科学救助思想的出现,其核心是:有劳动能力的贫民必须劳动并教育子女自食其力,以此摆脱贫困。这一理论思想推动了“社会工作的教育化”,对西方社会工作影响巨大,对当代社会救助体系的构建也产生了深远的影响。这一理论还提出人们真正应该给予受助者的,不是单纯的慈善和捐赠,而是能够推动其走向自立。这让救济贫民的视角发生转变:从自发无序的私人和社会行为(单方的慈善、济贫)转向有组织有计划的国家行为和科学(双方合作的)救助。尤其是“支持与要求”(既要对贫民提供救助和支持,也要对其提出一定要求)的辩证原则,也已成为社会工作和社会政策的辩证原则。Human beings have been thinking about poverty for thousands of years,but the“Poverty Relief Theory”established by Vives in 1525 marked the emergence of scientific relief ideas,which had a huge impact on the construction of contemporary social assistance systems.The core essence is that the poor and their children should not continue to be recipients of relief(he even opposes the establishment of fixed poverty relief funds).The poor with the ability to work have an obligation to support themselves,work for themselves,and educate their children.Only through this way can they completely overcome poverty.The essence of this idea is that what people should truly give to their beneficiaries is not what they are asking for(not simply giving or charitable donations or funding),but what can drive them towards independence.As a result,the perspective of poverty relief of human beings has changed:from spontaneous and disorderly private and social behavior(unilateral charity,poverty relief)to organized and planned national behavior and(collaborative)scientific relief.The effectiveness of his ideas in poverty relief far exceeds the era he lived in.Many specific measures proposed in his theory have been applied in the fields of contemporary social work and social policy.Contemporary social security is built on three principles:the principle of relief,the principle of insurance,and the principle of welfare.The principle of relief(using state taxation to assist the few most in need)emerged earliest in history.In 1601,Queen Elizabeth of England enacted the Poor Law Act,which marked the shift of poverty relief from individual and social behavior to state behavior.The ideological basis of this law is derived from Vives’s scientific relief ideas.Vives distinguishes the poor into two categories:those with work ability and those without work ability,emphasizing that those with work ability must work and completely overcome poverty through self-sufficiency.Those without work ability are provided with relief and material assistanc

关 键 词：贫困 贫困救助理论 科学救助思想 社会工作基础理论前身 

分 类 号：C916[经济管理]