清华简《祷辞》“白马”神与“女乘马”仪式考  

Research on the“White Horse”God and the Ceremony of“Women Riding Horse”in Daoci Section of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

作　　者：凌彤 Ling Tong(Department of Chinese,School of Humanities,Tsinghua University,Beijing,100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院中文系,北京100084

出　　处：《古代文明（中英文）》2024年第1期59-68,157,158,共12页The Journal of Ancient Civilizations

摘　　要：“白马”在先秦时代,不仅是神人欲求的神异之物,也是鬼神意志的传递者,在两种身份的结合下,“白马”进入祝祷、占卜的话语中,拥有了成神的信仰根基。西周以来逐渐形成祭马以佐政驱灾的传统,“白马”又有沟通不同空间、不同部族的能力,在楚国封君制度各封邑亟需扩充人口的背景下,楚人融合多重祭马、用马观念,塑造了“东方之白马”神,以求其昌盛人口、祛除灾害。在对白马神的祭告活动中,具有沟通婚姻功能的“女乘马”仪式也揭示了白马神的权能。《祷辞》凡享有“女乘马”仪式的神灵,都有婚嫁生育的权能,如“君夫、君妇”就是商周以来男女合祭制度与楚地两两相偶、阴阳相配神话体系相结合后形成的配偶神。通过“女乘马”的仪式,可以让这类在婚嫁生育、疾病灾害方面具有权能的神灵保佑此地人口繁衍昌盛,不受灾害侵扰。In the pre-Qin period,“white horse”was not only a miraculous object desired by both deities and men,but also a messenger of deities and ghosts.Therefore,“white horse”became a term relating to prayer and divination.Further,white horses were believed to possess the ability to communicate between different spaces and tribes.People in state Chu(楚)created the image of the God of the eastern white horse and believed that this god has the power to promote population and eliminate disasters.In the sacrificial activities to the God of white horse,a ceremony called“women riding horses”was developed.In section Daoci(祷辞,Prayer)of the Bamboo Slips collected by Tsinghua University,all deities enjoyed the ceremony of“women riding horses”would be able to handle marriage and childbirth.Accordingly,this ceremony was held commonly by people looking for prosperity and protection.

关 键 词：《祷辞》 白马 配偶神 战国祷祀制度 

分 类 号：K877.5[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] B933[历史地理—历史学]