故宫古华轩黑漆描金落地罩装饰层的材料工艺研究  

Scientific study on the material and technique for the gilded lacquer surface of partitions of the Bower of Ancient Catalpa in the Forbidden City

作　　者：刘梦雨 LIU Mengyu(The Palace Museum,Beijing 100009,China)

机构地区：[1]故宫博物院,北京100009

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2023年第6期48-57,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：故宫博物院乾隆花园项目组

摘　　要：故宫乾隆花园内的古华轩外檐落地罩是北方地区建筑装修使用大漆工艺的罕见案例。为探明其装饰层材料工艺做法,综合利用光学显微分析、免疫荧光染色分析、X射线荧光光谱分析、扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱分析、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用等多种技术,结合传统漆作文献记载和清宫档案,详细厘清了装饰层的材料组分、制作工艺及营缮历史。研究表明,古华轩落地罩保存了八个时期的装饰层,整体使用调入桐油的大漆髹饰,不同时期的黑漆分别采取添加炭黑、添加铁盐两种方法制得。金饰做法包括描金、贴金两种。初始营缮工艺为捎当灰—布漆—漆灰—黑漆—色漆—金饰;重缮时做法相对简化,并将原先的一色金改为两色金。In terms of the uses of urushi for architectural decoration and finishing in Northern China,the partitions of the Bower of Ancient Catalpa(Gu Hua Xuan)are an exceptional example.Typical samples from the objects were analyzed using various methods,such as optical microscopy,immunofluorescence staining analysis,X-ray fluorescence(XRF)spectrometry,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS)and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS).In combination with literature on traditional lacquering and Qing Dynasty historical archives,the organic and inorganic materials,manufacturing techniques and repair history of the decoration were comprehensively described.For the partitions of the Bower of Ancient Catalpa,decorative layers of eight generations have been preserved.The initial materials of the coating are Chinese urushi mixed with tung oil.Black lacquer in different periods was obtained by adding carbon black and iron salt,respectively.For the original painting,the decoration layer followed a complete process:ground—fabric lining—plaster—black lacquer—colored lacquer—gold decoration;the method of repainting was relatively simplified and the original“homogeneous gold foil”was changed to two types of gold foils with different colors.

关 键 词：乾隆花园 黑漆描金 大漆 桐油 笼罩漆 退光漆 显微分析 

分 类 号：K876.7[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] J527[历史地理—历史学] TU-098[艺术—艺术设计]