不同速度滑冰项目的能量供应特征研究  

Energy Contribution Characteristics in Different Speed Skating Races

作　　者：张马森 马沐佳 刘卉 ZHANG Masen;MA Mujia;LIU Hui(Department of Physical Education,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China;School of Sport Science,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China;China Institute of Sport and Health Science,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]西北工业大学体育部,陕西西安710072 [2]北京体育大学运动人体科学学院,北京100084 [3]北京体育大学中国运动与健康研究院,北京100084

出　　处：《体育科学》2023年第8期61-66,共6页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项(2018YFF0300404);国家自然科学基金重点项目(12132009);国家留学基金资助项目(202006520020)。

摘　　要：目的:能量供应特征是认识项目专项特征和制定训练计划的重要依据。探究速度滑冰运动员在不同项目模拟比赛的能量供应特征,为制定训练计划和提升运动表现提供支持。方法:15名速度滑冰运动员分别参加500 m、1000 m、1500 m和5000 m冰上模拟比赛,使用便携式心肺功能测试仪和血乳酸测试仪测量和分析比赛全过程、比赛后6 min的气体代谢以及比赛前、后的血乳酸浓度,通过磷酸-乳酸-氧气法计算三大能源系统的能量供应量和比例。结果:随着滑冰距离的增加,总能量依次增加,累计摄氧量依次增加,有氧氧化系统能量供应量依次增加,总能量相对值依次下降。4项速度滑冰模拟比赛中有氧供能比例分别为23.89%±2.13%、42.04%±2.58%、54.36%±3.42%、81.39%±4.52%。根据有氧供能比例与全力滑冰时间的回归方程,速度滑冰10000 m的有氧供能比例为98.57%,冰上项目无氧、有氧供能主导的临界点为114.14 s,高于其他运动项目。结论:速度滑冰项目的能量供应特征与其他运动项目不同,不同速度滑冰项目的能量供应特征也不同,更长距离的速度滑冰项目增加了对总能量的需求,且这个需求主要通过有氧氧化系统完成。目前对速度滑冰项目能量供应的认识低估了有氧供能比例,今后应根据各项目的能量供应特征制定训练计划,同时进一步增加有氧能力训练的比例。Objective:The energy contribution is an important basis for specific characteristics of the sport and formulation of training plans.To explore the energy contribution characteristics of speed skaters in different simulated races,so as to provide reference for formulating training plans and improving sport performance.Methods:Fifteen speed skaters conducted 500 m,1000 m,1500 m and 5000 m simulated skating races,respectively,the portable gas metabolism analyzer and blood lactate tester were used to measure and analyze the gas metabolism during the whole races and at 6 minutes after races,as well as the blood lactate was tested at before and after races.The contributions of the three energy systems were calculated by anaerobic alactic-anaerobic lactic-oxygen method.Results:With the increase of the skating distance,the total energy,cumulative oxygen uptake and the energy contribution of the aerobic system were increased,and the relative value of total energy was decreased..According to the regression equation between the relative aerobic energy contribution and the time of maximal skating,the relative aerobic energy contribution of 10000 m skating race was 98.57%,and the critical point of anaerobic and aerobic energy contribution in skating races was 114.14 s,which was higher than that of other sports.Conclusion:The energy contribution characteristics of speed skating are different from other sports,and it is also different among different skating races.Longer distance races increase the total energy demand,and the aerobic energy system provides the mainly energy.It is suggested that the contribution of relative aerobic energy system is underestimated in speed skating,the training plans should be formulated according to the energy contribution characteristics of each skating race,and the proportion of aerobic capacity training should be increased.

关 键 词：速度滑冰 模拟比赛 能量代谢 供能比例 

分 类 号：G808.1[文化科学—体育训练]