非洲语言及其类型特征  

African Languages and their Typological Features

作　　者：周晨磊 ZHOU Chenlei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《贵州民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第6期128-146,共19页Journal of Guizhou Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Science

基　　金：中国非洲研究院2020年“中非语言类型研究”项目(CAI-J2020-08)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：论文介绍非洲语言的基本情况,包括系属分类、形态类型及非洲语言研究对普通语言学的意义。论文着重在和汉语的对比中,观察非洲语言的三个常见类型特征,包括声调、连动结构和基本语序。在声调方面,非洲语言(尤其是班图语系语言)存在的声调,和汉语相比,除了有区别词义的作用,还可以用于区分人称、时体、及物性等语法信息。连动结构是非洲语言在句法上的重要特征,一些连动表达和汉语连动结构对应,但总体而言尚未像汉语连动结构一般发达。非洲(曼德)语言存在特殊的“动前限制”语序,表现为动词前只有主语和宾语(如果有的话),任何其他论元和加接语都后置于动词。这种人类语言中极为罕见的语序恰和汉语的“动后限制”有相应之处。非洲语言的研究可以和汉语的研究互相启发、促进,从对方的角度对自身系统内的类型特征做出充分的认识。This paper introduces an overall situation of African languages,including family classification,morphological types,and the significance of their study for general linguistics.Through a contrast with the Chinese language three common typological features of African languages are observed,namely,tone,serial verb construction,and basic word order.Tone exists in African languages(particularly Bantu),and compared with the Chinese language they can be used for the grammatical information of personal pronoun,tense and aspect,and transitivity in addition to semantic differentiation.Serial verb construction is an important syntactic feature of African languages,which seems correspondent to the Chinese language in some cases but not as sophisticated as the latter.The special"pre-verbal constraint"word order exists in African languages(particularly Mande),shown through only subject and object(if any)placed prior to verb with arguments and other adjuncts placed after verb.Such rare use is similar to the Chinese language where"post-verbal constraint"exists.Therefore,the study of African languages can shed light on the research on the Chinese language;in other words,reciprocal benefits could be obtained.

关 键 词：非洲语言 类型特征 汉语 对比分析 

分 类 号：G123[文化科学]