数据产权:从两权分离到三权分置  

Data Property Rights:From Separation of Two Rights to Tripartite Allocation

作　　者：申卫星[1] SHEN Weixing

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2023年第6期125-137,共13页China Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“互联网经济的法治保障研究”(18ZDA149)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：数据产权制度是整个数据基础制度构建的逻辑起点,如何将《数据二十条》中的政策语言转化为法律语言,使得数据三权分置方案这一纸面上的权利转化为现实的法律上的权利,成为亟待解决的理论难题。借鉴土地生产要素市场化路径,本文提出在数据所有权和数据用益权两权分离的基础上,以数据用益权为基础性权利,将数据三权分置方案纳入数据产权分立的理论框架中,数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权可以被视为各阶段数据用益权的具体表现形式,由此形成从“两权分离”到“三权分置”的数据确权思路。The data property right system is the logical starting point for the entire data infrastructure construction.Transforming the policy language from the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Establishing a Data Base System to Maximize a Better Role of Data Elements("Twenty Data Measures")into legal language is an urgent theoretical challenge to convert the rights on paper into real legal rights in the context of the tripartite allocation of data rights.Drawing inspiration from the marketization path of land production factors,this article proposes that,based on the separation of data ownership and data usufructuary rights,a foundational right centered on data usufructuary right should be established.This foundational right should be incorporated into the theoretical framework of data property rights separation,encompassing data resource holding right,data processing and utilization right,and data product management right as specific manifestations of data usufructuary rights at various stages.This approach forms a path from"separation of two rights"to"tripartite allocation,facilitating the clarification of the ownership of data property rights.

关 键 词：数据产权 数据所有权 数据用益权 数据资源持有权 数据加工使用权 数据产品经营权 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]