论欧盟法院在欧盟对外关系法中的作用  

The Role of the European Court of Justice in the EU External Relations Law

作　　者：蒋小红[1] Jiang Xiaohong

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第6期46-60,61-63,共18页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：欧盟对外关系法是欧盟法中一个单独的领域,是欧盟法的重要组成部分。欧盟法院是欧盟对外关系法的主要塑造者。由于司法权本身的被动性质,欧盟法院不直接参与欧盟对外关系,但欧盟法院通过行使对外关系领域所享有的广泛管辖权,在界定共同体的对外权能、范围、性质、国际义务的法律效力等对外关系的基础性法律问题方面,发挥了至关重要的作用。欧盟法院通过判例所确立的不成文规范,构成了欧盟对外关系法中不可或缺的组成部分。在欧盟对外关系法演变进程中,欧盟法院发挥了独特作用。欧盟法院享有不断扩展的对外关系司法管辖权所赋予它的塑造对外关系法的能力。在行使对外关系管辖权时,欧盟法院发挥司法审查的监督功能、咨询管辖权的解释功能,填补基础条约的立法空白,能动解释二级立法的对外关系规则。相比欧盟法院在欧盟法其他领域发挥的作用,欧盟法院在欧盟对外关系法中发挥的作用更具独特性。一是积极为欧盟作为一个国际法主体在更多的对外关系领域开展行动赋能。欧盟法院充分调动其司法能动性,借助“默示权能”原则,赋予欧盟越来越多的对外关系权能,为欧盟机构扩展对外活动的范围提供了合法性依据;二是在解释、适用和发展国际法的过程中努力保持欧盟法的自主性。在处理欧盟法与国际法的关系时,欧盟法院扮演了“守门人”的角色,表现出对国际法的限制性态度。欧盟法院的司法实践,使得欧盟对外关系法不仅仅是法律条文中的法律,更是“行动中的”法律,是处在动态发展中的法律。相比《里斯本条约》中“严格遵守并发展国际法”这类一般性对外宣示,欧盟法院的一个个鲜活的案例更能揭示出欧盟对外关系所持观念、立场的“真相”。EU external relations law is an integral part of EU Law in which it is a special field.European Court of Justice emerges as one of the active shapers of the EU external relations law.Owing to the passive nature of jurisdiction,European Court of Justice is not directly involved in the EU external relations.Nevertheless,it plays an important role in delimiting the external competence,legal effect of international obligations etc.,which are the fundamental issues of external relations.In fact,the unwriten norms established by the cases of European Court of Justice constitute the key parts of EU external relations law.The Court plays an unique role in the evolving of EU external relations law.Above all,the Court enjoys extended jurisdiction,which enables it to shape the EU external relations law.In exercising its contentious and advisory jurisdiction,the Court fills the gap of treaty-making and interprets the secondary legislation in favor of judicial activism in the sphere of external rules of EU law.Compared to the jurisprudence of other fields of EU law,the unique roles played by the Court in the external relations law are demonstrated in the following aspects.Firstly,the Court constantly extends the EU competence of external action.It fully plays judicial activism to confer the EU external competences more and more by the theory of"implied competence",enabling the institutions of EU to conduct the external action in more fields and meanwhile the Court ensures the competences are exercised under the rule of law.Secondly,the Court acts as a"gate keeper"dealing with the interface between the EU law and international law.It tries to preserve the autonomy of EU law in the process of internalizing the international law and externalizing the EU law.Many cases exemplified the restrictive attitude of the Court towards the international law.Compared to the declaratory norm of"contribution to the strict observance and development of international law"in the Lisbon Treaty,the truth of EU's idea and attitude of specific exter

关 键 词：欧盟 欧盟法院 欧盟法 对外关系 对外关系法 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学] D922.13[政治法律—法学]