月球开发活动安全保障的国际法困境与中国应对  

Difficulties for Ensuring Lunar Security and Safety by International Law and China's Approach

作　　者：聂明岩 于焕 Nie Mingyan;Yu Huan

机构地区：[1]南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院 [2]南京航空航天大学工信部智库航空产业政策法规研究中心 [3]南京航空航天大学航空法与空间法研究院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2023年第6期103-117,共15页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“大国探月竞争背景下地月空间安全国际法保障研究”(23BFX161)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在新一轮月球开发热潮中,美国试图通过单边措施塑造新的月球开发活动规则,中美之间形成了竞争态势。这一方面为制定综合性国际规则来规范月球开发活动设置了障碍,另一方面也威胁了月球开发活动安全。从防止月球军事利用的安全保障角度看,《外空条约》的模糊规定加之美国提出的地月空间战略的影响,使《外空条约》确定的月球专为和平目的使用原则无法被解释为月球完全非军事化利用。从防止月面活动有害干扰的安全保障角度看,《阿尔忒弥斯协定》设置的安全区制度具有一定的现实意义和创新性,但在缺少统一国际规则的背景下,安全区本身可能会影响安全保障。作为负责任的空间大国,中国始终遵守国际规则、维护国际秩序,并努力推动构建外空命运共同体。为维护月球开发活动安全,在完善现行国际规则的前提下,中国应以《防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约草案》为基础开展防止月球军事化利用的规则谈判,推动构建“硬法”与“软法”相结合的综合性规则体系。同时,中国应与美国进行协调,针对安全区的设立、运行以及争端解决等关键问题深入沟通,推动制定统一、合理的避免月面活动有害干扰的标准和行为准则。This article aims to assess the legal challenges associated with ensuring lunar security and safety while proposing measures to enhance the relevant international rules from China's perspective.In the current era of lunar exploitation,the United States endeavors to establish innovative regulations governing lunar activities through unilateral measures,leading to increased competition between China and the United States.These developments impede the creation of a comprehensive international framework for lunar activities,posing threats to the security and safety of the moon.When addressing lunar security,which aims to prevent the militarization of the moon,interpreting the principle of"exclusively peaceful uses of the moon"as"non-military uses"becomes challenging due to the vague provisions outlined in the Outer Space Treaty and the United States'cislunar strategy.Regarding lunar safety,intended to mitigate harmful interferences,the proposal for safety zones,as outlined in the Artemis Accords,seems reasonable.However,in the absence of a consensus on an international legal framework,unilaterally established safety zones may introduce safety risks.As a responsible spacefaring nation,China consistently adheres to international law and upholds the international order.In recent years,China's proposition to build a community with a shared future for mankind in outer space has gained widespread recognition.In this context,it is recommended that China advocates for further negotiations based on the Draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space,the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects to establish a framework that combines"hard law"and""softlaw"to prevent lunar militarization.Moreover,China should cooperate with the United States to develop unified and rational criteria and rules concerning the establishment,management,dispute settlement,and other crucial issues of safety zones to mitigate harmful interferences in lunar exploration and exploitation.

关 键 词：月球开发活动安全 地月空间战略 月球军事化利用 避免有害干扰 安全区 阿尔忒弥斯协定 外空条约 

分 类 号：D999.1[政治法律—国际法学]