习非成是的舶来品:在中国重新审视“习惯法”与“民间法”  

Accepting What Is Wrong as Right:Revisiting"Customary Law"and"Folk Law"in China

作　　者：孙康[1] Sun Kang

机构地区：[1]山东大学习近平法治思想研究中心,266237

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2023年第6期65-77,158,共14页Historiography Bimonthly

基　　金：教育部国家人权教育与培训基地重大项目“中国传统文化与当代人权话语体系的构建研究”(项目编号:18JJD820005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：以清代为切入点进行重新审视可以发现,无论从概念、历史抑或实践维度,“习惯法”及其在中国的派生物“民间法”均难以证立。“习惯法”概念被僵化地移植到中国,“民间法”则是被刻意建构起来的术语,它们过于简单地依赖于西方的法人类学与法社会学等思想,欠缺对官方和民间具体互动模式的规范考察,动态性视角的阙如导致内涵过于混沌。清代民间秩序的底层逻辑是儒家式官员倾向采取柔性的教化手段,在维护以家庭伦理为外观的宗族秩序的基础上,向外扩展至邻里和商事等秩序,在这些秩序的构建过程中,汉人生活区域被赋予有限的自治性,但其程度亦不能盲目拔高,以致脱离官治。对“习惯法”与“民间法”更加准确的认识应至少有两种:一是民间习惯的规约化,二是以习惯权利为代表的具体权利义务关系。Taking the Qing Dynasty as the starting point,one would argue that concepts such as"customary law"and its derivative"folk law"could not be applied to China,no matter in conceptual,historical,and practical dimensions.The concept of"customary law"has been rigidly transplanted to China,while"folk law"is a deliberately constructed term.The approach of applying them to China is oversimplistic,only relying on western ideas from disciplines such as those of legal anthropology,legal sociology and others.Normative investigation of the concrete interaction mode between the official and the folk has been absent.The lack of dynamic perspectives leads to confusion,and thus the research approach needs to be refined.This study shows that Confucian officials tended to adopt flexible educational means.On the basis of maintaining the clan order with family ethics as the appearance,they expanded and regulated neighborhood orders,commercial orders,and more.In doing so,they allowed the Han people some limited autonomy in the areas where they lived.This degree of autonomy should not be exaggerated,so much so to become disassociated from the government negating the interaction between the two.To be precise,there are at least two ways to develop a more accurate understanding of"customary law"and"folk law":one is to recognize the dynamic process of customary regularization,and the norm pattern of"local law-folk stipulations-folk custom"at the local level;the other is to pay attention to the relationship of specific rights and obligations represented by customary rights.

关 键 词：地方规范 习惯法 民间法 民间规约 习惯权利 

分 类 号：D920.4[政治法律—法学] D929