身份识别信息“使用”的界定纷争——基于美国加重身份盗窃犯罪的判例考察  

On the Disputes over the Interpretation of"Use"of Identification Information——A Research into Cases of Aggregated Identity Theft in U.S.A

作　　者：陈玲[1] CHEN Ling

机构地区：[1]上海社会科学院法学研究所,上海200020

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第1期158-176,共19页Political Science and Law

基　　金：上海市哲学社会科学规划一般课题“‘冒名顶替’的刑法规制与‘身份盗窃’行为的入罪化”(项目编号:2020BFX009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：非法使用个人信息行为的刑法规制问题是当前我国刑法研究的一大热点,但“使用”含义的多重性及极具争议性尚未引起学者们的关注。在最早单独制定身份信息犯罪立法的美国,对于如何理解身份识别信息的“使用”存在宽泛解释和限缩解释之间的严重对立。考察美国加重身份盗窃犯罪的判例,可以发现检方都极力主张宽泛解释,辩方则再三强调限缩解释的必要性,而各联邦巡回上诉法院的判决之间也存在严重分歧。美国最高法院通过杜宾案明确了对“使用”应当采取限缩解释的立场,并提出了“关键所在”标准,而该判决的协同意见则提出了对这一新标准的质疑,认为只有国会立法才能从根本上解决对“使用”的界定争议问题。美国司法实践中对身份识别信息“使用”的界定争议为我国非法使用个人信息的刑法规制研究提供了借鉴。The criminal regulation of illegal use of personal information is one of hot topics of the research into criminal law in current China,but the multiple meanings and the disputable nature of"use"have not attracted attention of the academia.In U.S.A,the earliest nation of independently criminalizing the identification information offense,there has been serious opposition between broad interpretation and narrow interpretation of"use"of identification information.By means of research into the cases of aggravated identity theft in U.S.A,it can be found that the prosecution firmly advocates the broad interpretation while the defense put relentless emphasis on the necessity of adopting narrow interpretation,and the courts of appeals for circuits have issued judgments with serious differences.The Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Dubin v.the United States adopts the narrow understanding of"use"and puts forward the"at-the-crux"text,however the concurring opinion doubts the new standard by insisting that only legislation by the congress can really solve the disputes over the definition of"use".The disputes over the definition of"use"of identification information in the jurisprudence of U.S.A provide references for the research into the criminal regulation of the illegal use of personal information in China.

关 键 词：个人信息的使用 含义多重性 宽泛解释 限缩解释 “关键所在”标准 

分 类 号：DF626[政治法律—刑法学]