为什么说贝卡里亚是法经济学的先驱?  

Why is Beccariaapioneer in Law and Economics?

作　　者：李增刚[1] Li Zenggang(Center for Economic Research,Shandong University;Editorial Department of Research Institutional Economics)

机构地区：[1]山东大学经济研究院、《制度经济学研究》编辑部,250100

出　　处：《经济思想史学刊》2023年第4期84-109,共26页Bulletin of the History of Economic Thought

摘　　要：18世纪意大利思想家贝卡里亚既是经济学家又是法学家,但是其作为法学家的地位要远高于作为经济学家的地位。贝卡里亚的经济思想至少包括三个方面:一是他在1769年到1770年完成的《公共经济学要义》中采用了与亚当·斯密《国富论》中差不多相同的“政治经济学”定义、“财富”概念,论述了当时政治经济学的几乎所有主题;二是功利主义和主观效用论在分析法律、犯罪和刑罚等的运用;三是理性计算和均衡分析。其法学成名著作《论犯罪与刑罚》在讨论犯罪的原因和刑罚的原则等问题时采用了经济学的思想和方法,包括六个方面:第一,运用社会契约论解释刑罚的起源;第二,将犯罪视为特定环境下趋利避害的理性选择;第三,将刑罚的目的确定为阻止或预防犯罪;第四,刑罚的及时性、必定性和确定性;第五,刑罚与犯罪社会损失的相称性;第六,对刑讯和死刑等社会成本的分析。贝卡里亚的思想被现代法经济学模型化并进行了实证检验,发展出了犯罪的理性模型、威慑和最优威慑理论、行为法经济学,以及犯罪的社会成本理论等。Cesare B.Beccaria,an Italian thinker in the 18th century,is both an economist and a jurist,but his status as a jurist is much higher than his status as an economist.Beccaria's economic thoughts include at least three aspects.F irstly,he completed A Discourse on Public Oeconomy and Commerce(Elementi di economia pubblica)between 1769 and 1770,which adopted the definition of"political economy'and the concept of"wealth"almost the same as those found in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations),and discussed almost all the themes of political economy at that time.The second is the application of utilitarianism and the subjective utility theory to the analysis of law,crime and punishment.Thirdly,he used rational calculation and equilibrium analysis.His famous legal work An Essay on Crime and Punishment adopts economic ideas and methods when discussing the causes of crime and the principles of punishment,including:Using the theory of social contract to explain the origin of punishment,regarding crime as a rational choice to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages under specific circumstances,defining the purpose of punishment as deterrence or prevention of crime,and discussing the timeliness,indubitability and certainty of punishment,as well as the proportionality of the punishment to the social loss causecl by the crime,analyzing the social costs of practices such as torture and death penalty.Beccaria's thought has been modeled and tested by modern law and economics,leading to the development of rational model of crime,deterrence and optimal deterrence theory,behavioral law and economics,and social cost theory of crime,et al.

关 键 词：贝卡里亚 法经济学 犯罪与刑罚 

分 类 号：D90-059[政治法律—法学理论] F091.3[政治法律—法学]