化肥减量配施微生物菌肥对圣女果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响  

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction and application of microbial fertilizer on yield and quality of cherry tomatoes and soil fertility

作　　者：张德楠[1] 张燕钊 滕秋梅 徐广平[1] 黄科朝 吕仕洪[1] 孙英杰[1] ZHANG De-nan;ZHANG Yan-zhao;TENG Qiu-mei;XU Guang-ping;HUANG Ke-chao;LV Shi-hong;SUN Ying-jie(Guangxi Institute of Botany,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain,Guilin Guangxi 541006;Guilin Dezhi Foreign Language School,Guilin Guangxi 541001)

机构地区：[1]广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所/广西喀斯特植物保育与恢复生态学重点实验室,广西桂林541006 [2]桂林德智外国语学校,广西桂林541001

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2023年第10期36-47,共12页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42267007);广西自然科学基金项目(2020GXNSFBA297048);广西科学院基本科研业务费项目(CQZ-E-1912);广西植物研究所基本业务费项目(桂植业22003);广西喀斯特植物保育与恢复生态学重点实验室基金项目(22-035-26);广西重点研发计划项目(AB21220057);广西漓江流域景观资源保育与可持续利用重点实验室研究基金项目(LRCSU21K0203);广西百色高新技术产业开发区引导项目(K-YS-SW-201801);桂林市重点研发计划项目(20210211-1)。

摘　　要：研究化肥减量配施微生物菌肥对大田圣女果产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响,探讨适宜的施用量,为实现圣女果“化肥减量增效”的绿色产业目标提供依据。设置不施用肥料(CK)、100%化肥处理(SI)、100%微生物菌肥(SM)、化肥减量50%+25%微生物菌肥(MC1)、化肥减量50%+50%微生物菌肥(MC2)和化肥减量50%+100%微生物菌肥(MC3)6个处理,分析土壤养分、微生物数量和酶活性,测定圣女果品质相关的甜度和维生素C(Vc)、硝酸盐、还原糖、粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量指标,并统计圣女果果实产量。结果表明:与SI处理相比,(1)MC1、MC2和MC3处理显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量,增幅分别为11.9%~23.7%、7.8%~22.5%、2.7%~27.4%和10.2%~51.8%。(2)MC2和MC3处理中细菌、放线菌、固氮菌和酵母菌数量分别增加了10.6%~18.0%、7.1%~11.8%、28.9%~41.3%和13.3%~18.7%,而真菌减少11.4%~28.1%。(3)MC1、MC2、MC3和SM处理增强了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,MC1、MC2和MC3处理的增幅分别为8.5%~28.7%、17.3%~80.7%、6.1%~45.1%和33.3%~110%;SM处理的增幅分别为16.1%、59.3%、30%和85.3%。(4)MC1、MC2和MC3处理可有效降低圣女果果实中的硝酸盐含量,降幅为18.2%~36.6%,而提高了Vc含量,增幅为16.5%~21.7%;SM处理圣女果果实中Vc、还原糖和粗蛋白质含量分别增加了16.9%、34.6%和23.5%,而硝酸盐积累量下降了59.72%。(5)MC1、MC2和MC3处理增收6900~17400元/hm2,其中MC2处理经济效益最高。总之,在圣女果生产中,化肥减量配施微生物菌肥改善了土壤肥力及圣女果品质,促进了圣女果增产增收,降低了生产成本;化肥减量配施微生物菌肥具有较好的经济和生态效益,化肥减量50%+50%微生物菌肥模式较好。The effects of reduced chemical fertilizer combined with microbial fertilizer on yield,quality of cherry tomatoes(Lycopersicon esculentum)and soil nutrients were explored,to study the suitable application amount of microbial fertilizer and provide a practical basis for achieving the green development goal of “reducing chemical fertilizer and increasing efficiency” in the cultivation of cherry tomatoes.A field experiment was conducted with six treatments:(1)CK,without fertilizer;(2)SI,100% chemical fertilizer treatment;(3)SM,100% microbial fertilizer;(4)MC1,50% chemical fertilizer and 25%microbial fertilizer;(5)MC2,50% chemical fertilizer and 50% microbial fertilizer;(6)MC3,50% chemical fertilizer and 100% microbial fertilizer.Soil samples of 0-20 cm soil layer were collected at the start of the experiment and during the harvesting period of cherry tomatoes,and soil nutrients,microbial population and enzyme activities were measured.The indexes such as sweetness,Vc,nitrate,reducing sugar,crude protein and crude ash content related to cherry tomatoes quality and fruit yield were measured.The result showed that:(1)Compared with the SI treatment,MC1,MC2 and MC3treatments significantly increased soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and available nitrogen content,increased by 11.9%-23.7%,7.8%-22.5%,2.7%-27.4% and 10.2%-51.8%,respectively.(2)Compared with SI,the number of bacteria,actinomycetes,nitrogen-fixing bacteria and yeast under the MC2 and MC3 treatments were increased by 10.6%-18.0%,7.1%-11.8%,28.9%-41.3%,13.3%-18.7%,respectively,and the number of fungi was decreased by 11.4%-28.1%.(3)Soil urease,sucrase,catalase and acid phosphatase activities were enhanced under MC1,MC2 and MC3 treatments compared to SI treatment,increased by 8.5%-28.7%,17.3%-80.7%,6.1%-45.1% and 33.3%-110%.The soil urease,sucrase,catalase and acid phosphatase activities were enhanced by 16.1%,59.3%,30% and 85.3%under the SM treatment.(4)MC1,MC2 and MC3 treatments reduced nitrate content in cherry tomatoes by 18.2%-36.6% effe

关 键 词：微生物菌肥 化肥减量 圣女果产量和品质 土壤养分 土壤生物学特征 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学]