联合国上诉法庭对“既得权利”概念的不同理解所造成的困境及其出路  

The Dilemma Created by the United Nations Appeals Tribunal's Different Understanding of the Concept of“Acquired Rights”and A Proposed Solution

作　　者：林伟成 LIN Weicheng

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所

出　　处：《国际法学刊》2023年第4期42-73,155,156,共34页Journal of International Law

摘　　要：为吸引“效率、才干及忠诚之最高标准”的优秀人才,联合国等国际组织给予了工作人员优渥的权益和福利(entitlements and benefits),将其写入《工作人员条例》以及《工作人员细则》,而且明文规定,联合国大会和其他国际组织立法机构可以不时增补或修订《工作人员条例》,但前提是“不得损害工作人员的既得权利”。然而“既得权利”缺乏明确定义,导致有关国际组织在解释和执行上造成了混乱,多年来引发了不少纠纷。国际组织的行政法庭尝试解释“既得权利”概念,经过七十多年的努力形成了某种共识,这在一定程度上填补了《工作人员条例》中的空白。但是这种局面在联合国上诉法庭2018年颁布“约蕾特·阿尔坎尼斯等诉联合国秘书长案”全庭判决后就不复存在。联合国上诉法庭一举推翻了国际组织行政法庭经过多年艰苦努力形成的共识。该法庭对“既得权利”的理解与其他国际组织行政法庭产生了严重分歧。In order to recruit outstanding individuals meeting the"highest standards of efficiency,competence,and integrity",the United Nations and many international organizations have devised generous packages of entitlements and benefits for their staff,and codified them in their respective Staff Regulations and Staff Rules.Moreover,they have made it clear that the General Assembly and the legislative bodies of other international organizations may supplement or amend the entitlements and benefits set forth in the Staff Regulations from time to time,provided that these actions do not prejudice the acquired rights of their staff.But the term"acquired rights"lacks a clear definition.This has led to confusion in interpretation and implementation of acquired rights on the part of the international organizations,and has generated numerous disputes.The administrative tribunals of the international organizations took on the task of attempting to explain the concept of acquired rights.Through more than seventy years of efforts,they reached a certain consensus,which filled the gap in the Staff Regulations to some extent.But in 2018,the United Nations Appeals Tribunal in full bench handed down the Judgment in the case of LIoret-Alcaniz et al.v.Secretary-General of the United Nations,in which it overturned the consensus that the administrative tribunals of international organizations had painstakingly built over many years.The understanding of the principle of acquired rights by the United Nations Appeals Tribunal has put itself in serious disagreement with the administrative tribunals of other international organizations.

关 键 词：既得权利 联合国 《工作人员条例》 《工作人员细则》 上诉法庭 行政法庭 不溯及既往 

分 类 号：D813.2[政治法律—国际关系] D994[政治法律—政治学]