美国意识形态外交的机理与变迁  

The Underlying Logic and Practices of the U.S. Ideological Diplomacy

作　　者：樊吉社 FAN Jishe

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)国际战略研究院,北京100091

出　　处：《外交评论（外交学院学报）》2023年第6期111-130,I0004,I0005,共22页Foreign Affairs Review

基　　金：中共中央党校(国家行政学院)国际战略研究院创新工程项目“美国内政外交变迁与中美关系”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自由、民主、人权、三权分立、市场经济等政治、社会和经济信仰,本质上是美国的“内在属性”,是其独有的意识形态。当美国崛起为世界霸权,其“内在属性”不断外化,影响乃至塑造美国的对外政策实践。冷战期间,一切以意识形态划分敌我友,意识形态外交是大国战略竞争的首要工具。冷战结束后,克林顿政府试图通过“接触”来“扩展”其政治制度和经济模式,小布什政府则刻意通过反恐战争颠覆并重建一些国家的政权,以消除滋生恐怖主义的土壤。他们笃信美国政治制度和经济发展模式的“优越性”、“典型性”和“代表性”,然而漫长的反恐战争折损了美国“赢得”冷战的威势。奥巴马政府尝试让美国外交政策回归现实,弱化对外政策中的意识形态色彩。特朗普执政期间对国际机制的态度、对国内议题的处理、对选举结果的反应,从根本上挑战了美国外交的意识形态传统、根基和美国的制度自信。拜登执政后,意识形态外交重新成为美国对外政策的基调,助力美国进行国内和国际外交动员,并统筹其内政和外交。在冷战结束迄今的三十余年中,美国意识形态外交大致完成了一个循环,再度成为大国战略竞争的重要工具。就此而言,当美国总统、政要和专家学者反复强调“冷战后”时代终结的时候,从意识形态意义上看,他们似乎是在暗示“新冷战”已然来临。然而,今非昔比,美国的意识形态外交政策必将面临诸多问题和挑战。The political,social and economic beliefs in freedom,democracy,human rights,separation of powers and market economy are essentially the “intrinsic attributes” and the unique ideology of the United States.When the U.S. rose as the world hegemony,its “intrinsic attributes” have been continuously externalized,influencing and even shaping its foreign policy.During the Cold War era,everything was divided into friend and foe according to its ideology,thus ideological diplomacy was the essential instrument for strategic competition between great powers.After the end of the Cold War,the Clinton administration tried to “expand” its political system and economic model through “engagement”,while the Bush administration tried in vain to subvert regimes and rebuild nations in the Long War on Terror to eliminate the breeding ground for terrorism.They believed in the “superiority”,“typicality” and “representativeness” of the U.S.political and economic model,but the Long War on Terror undermined the American power and influence.The Obama administration attempted to bring U.S.foreign policy back to reality,reducing its ideological factors.The Trump administration fundamentally challenged the ideological tradition and foundation of U.S.diplomacy,and undermined people's confidence in its political system by adopting the America First policy in dealing with allies and partners,handling the domestic issues,and reacting to the Presidential election result.For the Biden administration,ideology became the defining feature of American foreign policy.The United States made use of ideology to mobilize all domestic and international forces to serve its strategic purpose of out-competing China.The practices of American ideological diplomacy in the last three decades indicate that ideological diplomacy is transforming into the essential instrument for great power strategic competition once again.In this regard,when U.S.Presidents,politicians,experts repeatedly emphasize the end of the“Post-Cold War”era,they see

关 键 词：美国外交 意识形态 拜登政府 对华政策 中美关系 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学]