16世纪德意志济贫改革前后教俗之争中的“穷人”  

“The Poor”in the Struggle Between the Church and the Secular Authority Before and After the German Poverty Relief Reform in the 16th century

作　　者：付家慧[1] Fu Jiahui

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学社会发展学院暨南京师范大学西欧研究中心,江苏南京210000

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第11期122-130,共9页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：16世纪德意志的贫困人口日益增多,缓解问题的关键之一在于区分救济对象,将救济资源给予真正值得帮助的穷人,因此在济贫改革前后,天主教会与世俗权威围绕应当帮助哪些“穷人”的问题展开诸多争论与竞争。宗教改革前夕,二者主要在乞讨者是否为值得帮助的穷人问题上发生分歧,天主教会对贫困和乞讨的传统看法与世俗政府限制乞讨等主张相矛盾;随后,宗教伦理的转变推动新教地区和天主教地区纷纷进行济贫改革,济贫事务中的教俗之争变为争夺区分救济对象的主导权。16世纪德意志济贫改革前后教俗之争的实质是济贫事务的世俗化与理性化,对当时的穷人产生了重要影响,一方面推动了更多穷人接受救济,另一方面身份制度也容易让接受救济的穷人陷入心理和社会地位的双重窘境之中。In the 16th century,Germany faced an increasing number of impoverished people.One of the keys to alleviating the problem was to distinguish the objects of relief and give relief resources to the poor who really deserved help.Therefore,before and after the poverty relief reform,the Catholic Church and secular authorities had a lot of controversies and competitions focusing on which“poor people”should be helped.On the eve of the Reformation,the two mainly disagreed on whether the beggars were poor people worthy of help,and the traditional views of the Catholic Church on poverty and begging contradicted the secular authority’s views on begging restrictions.Later,changes in religious ethics pushed Protestant regions and Catholic regions to carry out poverty relief reforms,the dispute between them in poverty relief affairs became a competition for the dominance of distinguishing relief objects.In the 16th century,behind the religious and secular disputes before and after the German poverty relief reform was the secularization and rationalization of poverty relief affairs,which had an important impact on the poor at that time.On the one hand,it promoted more real poor people to accept relief.On the other hand,the identity system made the poor who received relief easily fall into the double dilemmas of psychology and social status.

关 键 词：德意志 济贫改革 宗教改革 穷人 

分 类 号：K516.32[历史地理—历史学] K516.33[历史地理—世界史]