如何描述山地景观的复杂性:英国国家公园景观特征评估案例比较  

Characterizing Mountain Landscape Complexity:Comparison of Landscape Character Assessment in the National Parks of the United Kingdom

作　　者： 李正[1] Yeng Xuan Tan;LI Zheng(School of Landscape Architecture,Beijing Forestry University)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学园林学院

出　　处：《风景园林》2024年第1期39-55,共17页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金“北京西山永定河文化带的山地景观特征研究”(编号22LSC015);国家自然科学基金“基于绘图学的北京小西山道路文化景观遗产的分类、评价和管理研究”(编号31800607)。

摘　　要：【目的】景观特征描述旨在对具有相似要素组合模式的区域进行分类和描述,将无限的景观复杂性简化为易于管理的空间单元。现有文献倾向于探索适用于所有景观的概念和框架,重点关注如何提高过程的透明度,并将历史复杂性纳入通用的技术路线中,但尚未根据不同的地貌类型进行针对性研究。阐明山地景观特征的描述是否有别于低地景观特征,并找出解释山地文化景观复杂性的方法,有助于加深对山地文化景观中自然和文化元素之间复杂关系的理解,可为今后的管理提供更有针对性的方法。【方法】重点收集15个国家公园的景观特征描述相关文件,包括20份景观特征评估(landscape character assessment,LCA)、10份历史景观特征识别(historic landscape characterisation,HLC)和2份历史土地利用评估(historic land-use assessment,HLA)。对于LCA文件,采用内容分析法,基于NVivo软件对重复出现的类型及其频率进行分类统计。编码综合采用自上而下、自下而上2种方法。参考相关的HLC和HLA文件分析LCA文件中对历史复杂性的处理,但由于英国在此方面缺乏统一的评估方法而没有进行编码。【结果】在景观变化方面,共识别出41个相关因子,并将它们划分为自然影响、文化影响和变化驱动力三大类;共识别出21个与制图属性相关的因子,并将它们划分为自然属性、文化属性、感知与审美属性三大类。景观特征类型的复合名称被分解成一系列单词,这些单词可归纳为24个因子,涉及自然特征、文化特征、感知与审美特征三大类。在历史复杂性处理方面,虽然所有英国国家公园LCA都按照历史分期描述了景观变化,但主要以自然属性、现状土地利用和实地形态作为景观特征分类的标准,在景观特征类型的命名中很少包含时间信息。只有个别LCA将历史信息纳入景观特征分类,如威尔士LCA。为了弥补LCA过度�[Objective]Landscape characterisation aims at categorizing and describing areas with similar patterns of element combination,simplifying infinite landscape complexity into manageable spatial units.Existing relevant literature tends to explore concepts and frameworks applicable to all landscapes,focusing on how to enhance process transparency and incorporating historical complexity within universal technical routes,and has yet to be differentiated according to different landform types.This paper seeks to clarify whether mountain landscape characterisation different from that of lowlands and identify ways of interpreting the complexity of cultural landscapes in mountainous areas.The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between natural and cultural elements in mountain cultural landscapes,as well as to a more targeted approach to future management.[Methods]This study focuses on collecting documents related to landscape characterization of 15 national parks,including 20 landscape character assessments(LCA),10 historic landscape characterisations(HLC),and 2 historic land-use assessments(HLA).For the LCA documents,this study adopts a content analysis method to categorizing and analyzing recurring the type and frequency based on NVivo software.Two coding approaches are adopted and integrated.This study also analyzes the treatment of historical complexity in the LCA documents of the national parks with reference to the relevant HLC and HLA documents,but without coding due to the lack of a consistent assessment methodology across U.K.in this aspect.[Results]In terms of landscape change,a total of 41 factors were identified in the relevant LCAs,which can be grouped into 3 broad categories,including natural influence,cultural influence,and force for change.A total of 21 mapping attribute related factors were identified and grouped into 3 categories,including natural attribute,cultural attribute,and perceptual and aesthetic attribute.The compound names of landscape character types a

关 键 词：文化景观 特征描述 山地 复杂性 国家公园 

分 类 号：TU982[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]