制造“非常”:“大礼议”前杨慎的代祀危机  

Creating the"Abnormal":Yang Shen's Substitute Sacrifice Crisis before the"Great Ceremony"

作　　者：解扬[1,2,3,4] Xie Yang

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院古代史研究所 [2]中国历史研究院朱鸿林工作室 [3]香港中文大学,中国 [4]中国社会科学院明史研究室

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2023年第11期5-18,132,F0003,共16页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“‘中国之治’的历史根源及思想理念研究”(22VLS006)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：代祀是明代国家礼仪的重要组成部分,有具体的制度规定和通行做法来约束其实践。凡是与常制、常法不相符的“非常”状态,都有可能带来严重的政治后果。嘉靖初年,不满于自身政治遭际的史道,通过诬劾杨慎在代祀途中的做法不合常制、常法,打击杨慎之父首辅杨廷和。史道的说法违背时人常识,本不足辩,但杨廷和慎重其事,努力辩白,直指史道意在害其全家。双方的指控与辩驳展现了明代中晚期政坛斗争的一种共识,即与常行之规相悖的“非常”状态会给对手带来比事实本身更大的杀伤力。即便这种“非常”状态是出于政治目的、罔顾事实而人为制造的,当事人也必须有所回应。循此,研究的视角也当从关注史事之“实”拓展到事件生成的政治过程,在人事关系及其变化中捕捉当事人的认知重点与事件的矛盾焦点。Substitute sacrifice played a crucial role in the state etiquette of the Ming Dynasty,which was governed by specific regulations and common practices.Any deviation from these norms could result in severe political consequences.In the early years of Jiajing's reign,Shi Dao,dissatisfied with his own political predicament,accused Yang Shen of violating the customary procedures and laws in the substitute sacrifice.The aim of Shi Dao's accusations was to undermine Yang Shen's father,prime minister Yang Tinghe.Despite the lack of logic in Shi Dao's remarks and their unworthiness of debate,Yang Tinghe handled the situation carefully,defending himself vigorously and accusing Shi Dao of intending harm to his entire family.The accusations and refutations from both parties highlight a consensus observed in the middle and the late Ming Dynasty's political struggles,that is,the divergence from established practices represented by the"abnormal"state could cause greater damage to the opposing party than the actual facts themselves.Even if this"abnormal"state was politically fabricated,disregarding the truth,the involved parties had no choice but to respond.Therefore,it is essential for research not only to focus on the"reality"of historical events but also on the political processes that led to their occurrence,and capturing the cognitive focal points of the parties involved and the contradictory aspects of the events within the context of personnel relationships and their changes.

关 键 词：明代 代祀 杨慎 史道 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]