从“氏族之人”到“编户齐民”——试论先秦时期社会成员身份的变迁  

From“Clansmen”to“Common People Listed in the Household Register”:On the Changes of Social Membership in the Pre⁃Qin Period

作　　者：晁福林[1] CHAO Fulin(Research Base for Bolstering the Community Consciousness of the Chinese Nation,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地,北京100875

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第1期1-7,共7页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：夏商西周时期,社会上几乎所有的人都生活于“族”之中。这些族,夏商时期称为“氏族”,西周时期则多称为“宗族”。春秋战国时期,虽然“人”“民”多混用无别,但两者的使用却出现了有所侧重的情况。“民”能够以地域为称,但并不以族为称,它所表现的是社会成员的地域特征,而“人”则可以表现其作为某族的血缘关系特征。社会成员间血缘关系的影响在削弱,而国家地域关系的影响在增强。社会成员身份的巨大变化是由氏族(宗族)之人,变成了国家控制下的编户齐民。“编户齐民”肇端于战国时期诸国授田制度的实施,到秦代则成为国家控制天下民众的最主要的制度。这种居民身份的变化深刻地影响着古代中国的历史发展。During the Xia(ca.2100 BC-1600 BC),Shang(ca.1600 BC-1050 BC),and Western Zhou Dynasties(ca.1046 BC-771 BC),almost all people in the society lived in a“zu”(tribe).These tribes were called“shizu”(clans)in the Xia and Shang Dynasties and mainly were called“zongzu”(patriarchal clans)in the Western Zhou Dynasty.During the Spring and Autumn Period(770 BC-476 BC)and the Warring States Period(475 BC-221 BC),although“ren”(men)and“min”(people)were used interchangeably without much distinction,there was still some difference in the usage of the lexical meaning of the two words.“Min”was a region⁃based instead of clan⁃based term,which shows the regional characteristics of social members,while“ren”could show their kinship characteristics as a particular clan.The influence of blood ties among social members was weakening,while the influence of state and regional ties was increasing.The great change of social membership is a transition from a clansman to a common people listed in the household register under the control of the state.“The common people listed in the household register”originated from implementing the land grant system in the states during the Warring States Period,which became the most critical system for the state to control its people in the Qin Dynasty(221 BC-206 BC).This change in social identity has a profound impact on the historical development of ancient China.

关 键 词：先秦时期 “氏族之人” “编户齐民” 土地制度改革 居民身份变化 

分 类 号：K221[历史地理—历史学]