蚕豆秸秆还田减施氮肥对烟田氮流失控制及氮素利用效率的影响  

Effects of faba bean straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on nitrogen loss control and nutrient utilization in tobacco⁃planted fields

作　　者：吴迪[1] 李家逵 白继元 李江舟 李家瑞[1] 徐高峰[1] 申时才[1] 陈华[1] 何玉华[3] 代快 WU Di;LI Jia-kui;BAI Ji-yuan;LI Jiang-zhou;LI Jia-rui;XU Gao-feng;SHEN Shi-cai;CHEN Hua;HE Yu-hua;DAI Kuai(Institute of Agricultural Resources&Environment,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650205,China;Yuxi Branch,Yunnan Tobacco Company,Hongta,Yunnan 653100,China;Institute of Food Crops,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sci-ences,Kunming 650205,China)

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所,昆明650205 [2]云南省烟草公司玉溪市公司,云南红塔653100 [3]云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所,昆明650205

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2023年第11期2367-2373,共7页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：中国烟草总公司云南省烟草公司科技计划重点项目(2020530000241006);云南省重大科技专项(202202AE090003)。

摘　　要：【目的】在高原湖泊流域烤烟—蚕豆轮作体系下,探讨蚕豆秸秆还田对烟田化学氮肥的替代能力,研究秸秆还田对氮肥利用率、氮流失控制及烤烟产量产值的影响,为该轮作体系下秸秆资源化利用及氮肥减量提供科学依据。【方法】针对一年两熟制的烤烟—蚕豆轮作模式,以烤烟K326品种和蚕豆秸秆为试验材料,通过2年田间定位试验,设置不同氮肥用量、秸秆直接还田(S)和腐熟后还田(DS)8个处理:T1(CK,不施氮)、T2(习惯施肥,100%N)、T3(85%N+S)、T4(70%N+S)、T5(55%N+S)、T6(85%N+DS)、T7(70%N+DS)、T8(55%N+DS),分析不同处理对烤烟产量、产值、氮素吸收量、氮肥利用率及农田水环境全氮含量的影响。【结果】T4(蚕豆新鲜秸秆直接还田下减施氮肥30%)与T2(习惯施肥)相比烤烟上等烟比例提高11.2%~19.0%,产值提高2.3%~10.7%,氮肥利用率增加30.4%~37.3%,地表径流水全氮含量下降11.6%~17.5%,土壤渗漏水全氮含量下降8.3%~19.6%;T7(秸秆腐熟还田下减施氮肥30%)与T2(习惯施肥)相比烤烟上等烟比例提高14.0%~20.4%,产值提高1.6%~7.3%,氮肥利用率增加25.9%~26.5%,地表径流水全氮含量下降5.1%~10.9%,土壤渗漏水全氮含量下降20.5%~28.5%。2种秸秆还田方式下减施氮肥30%,均不会对烤烟产量、产值产生显著负效应,均有利于提高烤烟氮肥利用率,能明显降低地表径流和土壤渗漏水中全氮含量。同等氮肥替代量下,新鲜秸秆还田和腐熟秸秆还田2种方式综合效益差异不显著(P<0.05)。【结论】在烤烟—蚕豆轮作模式下,新鲜秸秆直接还田和秸秆腐熟后还田均可减少烤烟季30%化学氮肥投入量,结合节本增效考虑推荐采用蚕豆新鲜秸秆还田减施30%氮肥。【Objective】In the flue⁃cured tobacco⁃faba bean rotation system in the plateau lake basin,we investigated the practice of replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with faba bean straw returning to the field.The study aimed to examine the effects of faba bean straw returning on nitrogen utilization rate,nitrogen loss control,flue⁃cured tobacco yield and output value.The research provides scientific basis of the utiliza⁃tion of straw resource and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer in the rotation system.【Method】Using tobacco variety‘K326’and faba bean straw as materials,a 2⁃year field experiment was conducted in a tobacco⁃faba bean rotation system.Eight different treatments were designed,var⁃ying in nitrogen fertilizer rate,straw direct returning(S),and decomposed straw returning(DS):T1(CK,non N),T2(Usual,100%N),T3(85%N+S),T4(70%N+S),T5(55%N+S),T6(85%N+DS),T7(70%N+DS),T8(55%N+DS).The analysis focused on the effects of various treatments on flue⁃cured tobacco yield,output value,nitrogen uptake,nitrogen utilization rate and total nitrogen content in farmland water.【Result】T4(30%reduction in nitrogen fertilizer and with faba bean straw direct returning),compared with conventional T2(conventional fertilization),the proportion of high⁃quality tobacco in flue⁃cured tobacco increased by 11.2%-19.0%and the output value increased by 2.3%-10.7%,the nitrogen utilization rate imporved by 30.4%-37.3%,the total nitrogen content in surface runoff water decreased by 11.6%-17.5%,and the total nitrogen content in soil leakage water decreased by 8.3%-19.6%.Similarly,T7(30%re⁃duction in nitrogen fertilizer was applied along with faba bean decomposed straw returning),compared with conventional T2(conventional fertilization),the proportion of high⁃quality tobacco in flue⁃cured tobacco increased by 14.0%-20.4%and the output value increased by 1.6%-7.3%,the nitrogen utilization rate improved by 25.9%-26.5%,the total nitrogen content in surface runoff water decreased by 5.1%-10.9%,and the total nitrogen

关 键 词：高原湖泊 施氮量 氮流失 烤烟 蚕豆秸秆 氮素利用率 

分 类 号：S153[农业科学—土壤学]