“妇女顶大事”:大生产运动中妇女“劳动”的组织技术  

“Women Shoulder Big Responsibilities”:The Use of Organizational Technology for Women's“Labor”in the Mass Production Campaign

作　　者：王燕[1] WANG Yan(Department of History,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系,上海200241

出　　处：《妇女研究论丛》2023年第6期1-15,共15页Journal of Chinese Women＇s Studies

基　　金：2022年国家社会科学基金一般项目“中国妇女‘劳动’观研究(1880-1949)”(项目编号:22BZS103)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪40年代的大生产运动中,陕甘宁边区和北方各根据地为求自力更生,发动妇女参加生产劳动。中国共产党运用组织技术将“劳动”从马克思主义的核心概念转化为农村妇女的日常实践。这些组织技术包括以下三种:第一,命名、表彰和区分妇女“劳动”。在农村妇女中树立全新的“劳动”伦理,以替代传统的“受苦”思想。第二,对妇女的“劳动”进行调查统计。这些统计数据既聚焦于物质生产的“劳动”,也囊括妇女“生活”中的“劳动”,让中国共产党得以清晰地看到农村妇女深度互嵌的生产与再生产,但调查数据不能稳定地显示妇女“生活”中的“劳动”。第三,记分制。它将妇女的劳力较公平地、可持续地纳入集体化,并且超越调查数据的不稳定,使再生产以显性的方式存在。通过以上对妇女“劳动”的组织技术,大生产运动达成了“妇女顶大事”的成就,增进了家庭情感,推动了邻里互助,构建了新型组织,走通了一条创建新社会之路。During the Mass Production Campaign in the 1940s,the government of the Shaanxi⁃Gansu⁃Ningxia border region and the northern base areas mobilized women to participate in productive labor for self⁃reliance.The Communist Party of China employed organi⁃zational technology to implant“labor”,a concept in western political economy,in the daily practice of rural women.Such organizational technology includes the following three aspects.First,naming,rewarding,and establishing a new“labor”ethics were adopted to differen⁃tiate women's“labor”from the traditional perception of“toil”among rural women.Second,surveying women's“labor”to yield detailed statistics was used to focus their“labor”in material production,while at the same time the survey included the“labor”in women's daily“life”.In so doing,the Communist Party of China clearly saw that rural women's productive and reproductive labor were deeply integrat⁃ed in everyday life.Unfortunately,the data were not able to steadily reveal women's daily“labor”.Third,the workpoint system,which drew women's labor relatively fairly and sustainably into collectivization,overcame the instability of statistics and made women's everyday“labor”explicit.Upon using above organizational technology,“women did shoulder big responsibilities”in the Mass Production Cam⁃paign.

关 键 词：大生产运动 劳动 组织 技术 妇女 

分 类 号：D442.0[政治法律—政治学]