中国古代自然法:表达、特征与再认识  

Ancient Chinese Natural Law:Expression,Characteristics and Reunderstanding

作　　者：孙康[1] SUN Kang(Research Centre of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law,Shandong University,Qingdao,Shandong,266237)

机构地区：[1]山东大学习近平法治思想研究中心,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第6期100-110,共11页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金特别委托项目“革命根据地法律史研究(1921-1949)”(23@ZH001);教育部国家人权教育与培训基地重大项目“中国传统文化与当代人权话语体系的构建研究”(18JJD820005)。

摘　　要：中国古代自然法中公认的元概念是“天”,具体存在三种表达。天道是一种自然法则,道家是较为完整纯粹的自然法思想的代表,其中庄子讨论了“恶法非法”等涉及自然法价值的命题,但对实证法影响不大。天谴是一种政治法则,由董仲舒将阴阳家和儒家学说相融合形成,阴阳家也蕴含较纯粹的自然法思想。天理是一种社会法则,由朱熹等理学家抽象而来,为君主、官吏和百姓所共享,体现了儒家自然法思想。儒家局部蕴含着一定的自然法思想,对法律实证化具有重要作用,但将儒家整体视为自然法主义,进而将其与被视为实证法主义的法家二元对立并不准确。虽然中西自然法皆源于自然规律,但中国古代自然法以儒家为载体,在向以人为中心的“人法”转化的过程中,既没有发展出有效的权力制衡机制以限制君权,也没有进化出财产权理论以保护私权,国家基本法律制度主要围绕维系君权独尊的目标而构建。儒家蕴含的自然法成分具备有限的工具理性,整体上存在碎片化缺陷。但中国古代自然法对民众守法意识的形成影响深远,依然可为当下的人类命运共同体等理念提供思想资源。ed by rationalists such as ZHU Xi,and shared by monarchs,officials,and the people,embodying Confucian natural law.Confucianism partly contains certain thoughts of natural law,which plays an important role in the substantializing of law.However,it is not accurate to regard Confucianism as all natural law,and then regard it as dualistic opposition to legalism,which is regarded as positive law.Although both Chinese and Western natural law originated from natural laws,the ancient Chinese natural law,with Confucianism as the carrier,neither developed an effective power balance mechanism to restrict the monarchical power nor evolved the theory of property rights to protect private rights in the process of transforming to human-centered“human law”.The basic national legal system was mainly built around the goal of maintaining the monopoly of monarchical power.The natural law component contained in Confucianism has limited instrumental rationality,and Confucian natural law as a whole has the defect of fragmentation.Ancient Chinese natural law has a profound influence on the ancient consciousness of law-abiding,and can also provide ideological resources for the concept of human destiny community.

关 键 词：自然法 实证法 限制权力 民本论 守法儒家化 

分 类 号：D909.2[政治法律—法学理论]